Outline 4
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms
Circadian Rhythm
When a behavior, such as a conditioned response, has been learned
Acquisition
Mental filters or maps that organize our information about the world are called - they can impact our perceptual sets
Schemas
Human motivation aims to increase arousal - We feel driven to experience stimulation
Arousal Theory -
banishing anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Example: Witness a murder and when the police ask you what happened, you forget
Repression
a phenomenon that occurs when a person experiences more rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than normal after a period of sleep deprivation or stress
Rem Rebound
is the idea that people and animals are naturally inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
Biological preparedness
Phenomenon of being able to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli
Cocktail party effect
Motivation that stems from external factors, benefits associated with achieving a goal or avoiding punishment (compensation, punishment, reward)
Extrinsic Motivation
an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. Example: Anxious on a first day of school, a child may result to a “thumb sucking” phase to help him/her get through
Regression
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur; in a therapeutic context, the hypnotist attempts to use suggestion to reduce unpleasant physical sensations or emotions.
Hypnosis
a decrease in responsiveness with repeated stimulation. Ex. a baby no longer being excited by a toy.
Habituation
Objects close together will be viewed together visually.
Proximity
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stress
the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses to their opposite. People may express feelings that are opposite of their unconscious feelings. Example: “I hate him” may really mean, “I love him"
Reaction Formation
lower neural activity and slow body functioning
Depressants
a type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher.
Operant Conditioning
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
International blindness
This is an automatic physiological reaction to stressful situations where individuals feel threatened.
Fight or flight response
someone attributes unacceptable traits or impulses in themselves to another person
Projection
drugs that speed up the body’s functions
Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, meth, Amphetamines
Stimulants
Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus. Example: taking tylenol to get rid of a headache.
Negative Reinforcement:
a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object
Retinal Disparity
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of promoting strengths and virtues that foster well-being, resilience, and positive emotions, and that help individuals and communities to thrive.
positive psychology
emphasized human potential, focused on the ways “healthy” people strive for self determination and self-realization
Humanistic Psychology