Vocab
Ship that could sail effectively under different wind conditions
Caravel
Movement of plants, animals, people, diseases, and goods between continents
Columbian Exchange
Europeans wanted a sea route to Asia partly because existing trade routes made Asian goods more _________________________
expensive
A civil war over _________________________ weakened the Inca Empire before Spanish conquest.
succession
What development made overseas exploration more attractive to European rulers?
A. High profits from trade and new overseas claims
B. Fewer political rivalries within European kingdoms
C. Declining interest in Asian luxury goods and spices
D. Reduced competition among major maritime powers
A
Agreement intended to prevent conflict between Spain and Portugal over newly claimed lands
Treaty of Tordesillas
Sea journey that carried enslaved Africans across the Atlantic
Middle Passage
navigation
_________________________ killed large portions of Indigenous populations after European contact.
smallpox
Why was the caravel especially useful to European explorers?
A. It carried larger armies than other European vessels
B. It sailed effectively under changing wind conditions
C. It required fewer sailors than most ocean-going ships
D. It could cross oceans without stopping for supplies
B
Portuguese leader associated with improving ships, maps, and sailing knowledge
Prince Henry
Trade linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas
European rulers were willing to fund risky voyages because the possible _________________________ were extremely high.
profits
The _________________________ became an important American crop in European diets.
potatoes
How did Portugal usually extend its influence overseas?
A. By settling large farming communities far inland
B. By replacing African rulers with Portuguese nobles
C. By conquering broad inland territories across Africa
D. By controlling strategic ports and major sea routes
D
Explorer whose voyage opened direct sea trade between Europe and Asia
Vasco de Gama
Economic system designed to increase state power through controlled trade and bullion
Mercantilism
Reaching the Cape of Good Hope showed that a sea route toward the _________________________ Ocean was possible
indian
The _________________________ greatly changed transportation in parts of the Americas.
horse
Why was the Treaty of Tordesillas important to Spain and Portugal?
A. It created shared rule over newly explored territories
B. It protected Indigenous kingdoms from European expansion
C. It divided overseas claims to reduce conflict between them
D. It ended competition for Atlantic exploration and trade
C
System organizing forced Indigenous labor and tribute in Spanish colonies
Encomienda
Selling more goods to other countries than a nation buys
Favorable Balance of Trade
Cortes depended heavily on Indigenous _________________________ who opposed the Aztecs.
allies
Mercantilist governments valued colonies because they supplied raw materials and guaranteed _________________________.
markets
Why was Cortés able to challenge the Aztec Empire with a relatively small Spanish force?
A. Indigenous enemies of the Aztecs joined Spanish forces
B. Aztec rulers had already abandoned their capital city
C. Spanish troops controlled the main regional trade routes
D. Aztec armies depended on imported European weaponry
A