Mesopotamia
What two rivers bordered Mesopotamia?
Tigris and Euphrates
What sea did Phoenician traders sail?
Mediterranean Sea
What is monotheism?
Belief in one God
What is an empire?
A large territory ruled by one government
Who was the king associated with a famous written law code?
Hammurabi
What is an independent city and surrounding territory called?
City-state
Name one Phoenician trade good.
Purple dye, cedar, glass, metals, or textiles
What is polytheism?
Belief in many gods
What was a satrap?
Governor of a Persian province
What does codified mean?
Organized and written down
What is a ziggurat?
A large stepped temple structure
What writing innovation did Phoenicians help spread?
An alphabet using sound symbols
Which religion grew from ancient Hebrew traditions?
Judaism
What was the Royal Road used for?
Communication, travel, trade, and military movement
What city did Hammurabi rule?
Babylon
Why did Sumerians construct canals?
To bring river water to farms
Define cultural diffusion.
Spread of ideas, customs, beliefs, or technology between cultures
Give an example of belief shaping society.
Religious teachings influence laws, holidays, or community practices
Why divide an empire into provinces?
To make a large territory easier to govern
What did Law 53 require when a neglected dam destroyed crops?
Repayment for the destroyed grain
Explain how irrigation encouraged government.
Managing canals and water required cooperation, rules, and leaders
How could trade spread the Phoenician alphabet?
Merchants shared writing practices with people in other ports
How did Hebrews connect communities differently from Phoenicians?
Through shared beliefs and traditions rather than primarily trade networks
Why did Persia need both satraps and roads?
Local governors managed regions while roads linked them to the central government
What do Laws 196 and 198 reveal about Babylonian justice?
Punishments could differ based on social status