Crusades
Crusades Pt.2
Black Plague
Hundred Years' War
100

What were the causes of the Crusades?

  • Feudalism

    • Knights who were nobles, mercenaries want more land and money

    • Nobility could fund armor and weapons due to profits from farms

  • Riches

    • Get access to more trade routes through the Middle East

  • Christianity

    • An increased desire to make a holy pilgrimage to Jerusalem

  • Seljuk Turks

    • Occupied Jerusalem in 1073

    • Prevented Christians from making pilgrimage to Jerusalem

    • Threatened the Christian Byzantine Empire

      • Emperor Alexius I concerned

100

Describe the Fourth Crusade

  • Crusaders focus on Constantinople instead of Jerusalem, sack Constantinople

  • Byzantine Empire did not fully support, provide money/weapons for Western European Crusaders

  • Return of Christianity split

  • Byzantine Empire barely hangs on until 1400s

100

What events led up to the Black Plague?

  • Mini ice age → lower temperatures → shorter growing seasons → bad harvests → Great Famine → malnutrition

200

Describe the Second Crusade

  • Muslim armies conquer some Crusader states (Edessa), beat French and German armies

  • Christian loss at Damascus, 1148

200

Describe the Children's Crusade

  • 30,000 children form an army from France and Germany

    • Leader inspired by “letter from Christ”


      • Mediterranean Sea would part for the children

  • Children disappeared on journey

    • Exhaustion from walking

    • Drowned due to ships sinking

    • Captured by Northern African tribes and sold into slavery

200
Describe the effects of the Black Plague
  • Estimates: over 25 million deaths in Europe

  • Decrease of trade

  • Increase of anti-Semitism → Jews blamed for the spread of the plague, poisoning wells

  • Use of God → too many people sinned

  • Decrease of trade and labor; increase of prices of labor, food

  • Decrease of serfdom → serfs paid landlords with actual money to leave serfdom, not labor → increased rights and labor opportunities for peasants

200

Describe the events leading up to the Hundred Years' War

  • Pope loses some power

    • King Philip IV, France, early 1300s: aimed to tax Church members

    • Pope moves residence to Avignon, France - angers citizens who believe Pope should live in Italy

  • Two Popes

    • Pope Clement VII in France and Pope Urban VI in Italy

      • Two popes compete for power

      • France and allies supports Clement; England and allies support Urban

    • Concerns with papal competition, church corruption even after return to one pope (Pope Martin V)

    • John Hus of Czechoslovakia: aimed to limit pope power but was burned at the stake, 1415

300

Briefly describe the Crusades

  • 200 years, 9 specific attacks

  • Western European Christians want to reconquer Jerusalem from Muslim control

  • Consistent travel through Constantinople, Mediterranean Sea

  • Pope Urban, 1095: Christian kings and citizens must unite across Europe and focus on attacking the Muslims, stopping the spread of Islam

    • Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church united at this point

      • Great Schism of 1054

  • Crusades overall: plundering of Muslim residences and killing of Muslims

300

What was the outcome of the remaining Crusades?

  • Failed Crusades focused on Egypt - Crusaders lose, end of Crusades

  • Effects

    • Increased trade, tech diffusion

      • Muslim tech moving west

      • Italian cities get rich through providing Crusaders supplies

    • Increased influence of the Pope

    • Weakened Byzantine Empire

    • Increased religious conflict

    • Increased Islamic control over Jerusalem

    • Decrease of feudalism, increase of centralized monarchies and cities

300

Describe the spread and causes of the Black Plague

  • Bacteria spread by fleas on rodents, lice

    • Yersinia Pestis

    • Human sweat

  • Originally from Central Asia

  • Bubonic Plague: swellings of the neck and armpits

  • Pneumonic Plague: lung infections

  • Septicemic Plague: blood poisoning

  • First goes through Constantinople, then spreads through Europe

    • Trade by Italian merchants, European merchants

    • Movement by the Mongols

300

Describe the effects of the Hundred Years' War

  • Importance of cannons being paired with gunpowder

  • France: increase of nationalism, centralized power under King Louis XI

    • Use of taille: permanent tax on land/property

    • Increased French power, support from middle class

  • England: Heavily economic losses leads to internal conflict

    • Henry VII of the Tudors: lowers taxes, promotes peace and security

400

Describe the First Crusade

  • Crusaders capture Jerusalem, create four Crusader states splitting up the land around Jerusalem

    • One: Kingdom of Jerusalem

  • Many soldiers from the Frankish kingdom

  • Long sieges, murder of Muslims and Jews

  • Only successful Crusade

  • Military orders of knights: Knight Templars and Hospitallers

    • Monastic-type vows, but still willing to fight

400

Describe the events of the Hundred Years' War

  • Caused by decline of Catholic Church, plague, economic crisis, LAND issues, SUCCESSION issues

    • England (Edward III) had land in Gascony, France, and France (Philip VI) fought for it back

    • England claimed right to French throne

  • England invades France; Battle of Crecy (1346), Battle of Poitiers (1360): English victories

  • Treaty of Bretigny: England gains land in France

500

Describe the Third Crusade

  • European army

    • Richard the Lionheart, England

    • Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Empire

    • Philip Augustus II, France

  • Muslim army

    • Saladin, Ayyubid Dynasty in Egypt

      • Considered a chivalrous leader by the European armies

    • Seljuk Turks in Anatolia

  • Truce, 1192 between Richard and Saladin

    • Crusaders unable to regain Jerusalem and lose momentum

500

Describe the events of the Hundred Years' War Pt.2

  • King Charles V (France), 1369: starts to take back land in France from England; England fails to win

  • Battle of Agincourt, 1415: King Henry V (England) beats France, wins back land in France

  • Joan of Arc (France): 1412-1429, religious - claimed of visions that said that saints had commander her to free France

    • Inspiration for France → King Charles of France helps lead France to victories in the mid 1450s, especially at Castillon, Normandy, Aquitaine in 1453