CR centring points
left lateral decubitus abdomen
what is, 2 inches / 5 cm above the iliac crests.
PA c-spine
15-20 degrees caudad
3 evaluation criteria for a waters
- no rotation - equal distance from the lateral border of the orbital rim to the lateral border of the skull on both sides
- proper extension of chin - (MML) perpendicular to the IR to put the petrous ridges immediately below the maxillary sinuses
- proper technical factors - evidenced by bony detail and soft tissue on the image
sinuses groups demonstrated in the PA axial caldwell method.
what are the frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses.
-what is slow shallow breathing or suspended on expiration.
Supine abdomen
what is, at the iliac crest along the MSP
PA axial sacrum
what is 15 degrees caudad
antegrade filling and how is it administered.
-antegrade goes with the natural psychological process.
-contrast is ingested orally.
perpendicular positioning lines for a modified open mouth waters for the sinuses.
what are the LML and the MSP.
respiration phase and why for a lateral c-spine.
PA axial caldwell skull projection exit point
what is the nasion.
AP axial SI joints- male and female -
what is 30 degrees for male and 35 degrees for female, both caudad
positioning to demonstrate right and left zygapophyseal joints and intervertebral foramina in both lumbar and cervical.
c-spine - intervertebral foramina - AP oblique= furthest, PA oblique = closest
zygapophyseal joints - lateral
L-spine - i.f - lateral
z joints - AP oblique = closest, PA oblique = farthest
petrous ridges location in the waters projection.
what is located immediately below the maxillary sinuses.
the scotty dog is posterior on the vertebral bodies, what's the positioning error.
what is the patient is rolled up too much
swimmers
what is centre at the level of C7-T1
IOML perpendicular for towne skull
what is 37 degrees caudad
describe 2 ways that you can evaluate where or not there is rotation on the AP image of the lumbar spine.
- spinous process should be located in the middle of the vertebral bodies down the centre of the spine.
- the SI joints should be equidistant to the spinal column.
with reference to the patient, where should the CR be directed for the lateral projection of the facial bones.
what is 1/2 way between the outer canthus of the eye and EAM and the zygomatic bone.
what line do you use to best determine angle and direction for a L5-S1 and how should the CR be oriented with respect to this line?
what is the inter iliac line and the CR should be parallel to this line.
waters, facial bones, exit point.
what is the acanthion
Caldwell facial bones
what is 15 degrees caudad
3 projections for a routine skull series and what do you need to modify for a basal skull fracture. what sinus are you looking at and what can diagnose a basal skull fracture.
- lateral, PA axial caldwell, and AP axial Townes.
- lateral modified to cross table with a lateral beam and IR beside the patient.
- air fluid levels in the sphenoid sinus.
you have completed an SMV projection for the zygomatic arches. The left zygomatic arch is not well demonstrated. What should you do?
what is rotate the patients head 15 degrees towards the left side and tilt the top of the head 15 degrees away from the left side, entering on the left zygomatic arch.
when trying to demonstrate the left SI joint, what position do you use.