A
What is the function of the liver and gallbladder?
Liver makes bile and the gallbladder stores it
State two different classifications of pneumonia
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Community acquired pneumonia
Ventilator associated pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
State 3 risk factors for stroke
Age
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Diabetes Mellitus
Atrial Fibrillation
Smoking
State 2 teaching points for a client prescribed warfarin?
Greater risk for bleeding - bleeding precautions (electric razor, soft toothbrush, no flossing)
Frequent lab draws to monitor PT / INR levels
Monitor / report for any sudden visual changes
Monitor for black tarry stools
Why is it important to track daily weight and fluid intake/output?
What s/s should a client with pulmonary edema monitor and report?
Sudden weight gain (ex: more than 2-3 lbs in a day)
Swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen
Shortness of breath, especially when lying flat
Decreased urine output or signs of dehydration
Dizziness or lightheadedness
What nursing precautions should be initiated for an elderly client with IDA?
Fall precautions
Bleeding precautions
What is the difference between urge and stress incontinence
Stress incontinence: weakness of pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter. Often occurs after childbirth, aging, obesity. Triggered by sneezing, coughing, laughing, lifting heavy objects.
Urge incontinence: sudden intense urge to urinate and leakage before reaching the toilet. most common cause is overactive bladder. often contributed by utis, bladder irritants, diabetes, aging, neuro disorders (Parkinson's, MS, stroke), holding urine for long time
What are 3 s/s of BPH (Benign prostatic hypertrophy)
Inability to void
Dysuria
Urgency
Frequency
Recommended dietary restrictions for CKD?
Low Sodium
Low Potassium
Low Protein
Limit Saturated/Trans Fats
What lifestyle changes should the nurse encourage a client to adapt with pulmonary edema?
-Reduce sodium intake to prevent fluid retention
-Monitor daily weights/intake and output to detect early signs of fluid overload
-Stop smoking to improve cardiovascular and respiratory health
-Follow a heart healthy diet, glycemic control
-Engage in light physical activity
-Weight reduction
What causes the pain in sickle cell anemia?
sickle/crescent shaped blood cells can clump together and block blood flow - leading to tissue ischemia (lack of oxygen to tissues) - resulting in tissue/organ damage.
State 3 teaching points for new patient needing hemodialysis
1. Fluid restrictions
2. Dietary Restrictions (low sodium, potassium and phosphorus)
3. Psychosocial affect (lifestyle change/depression)
4. Time requirements
5. Medication Adherence
6. Infection prevention
7. Vascular Access care (fistula, graft or catheter)
How are Crohn's and small bowel obstruction related?
closely linked due to the chronic inflammation and structural changes Crohn’s causes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Chronic inflammation in Crohn’s disease causes the intestinal walls to thicken and scar over time. This leads to strictures, or narrowed segments of the bowel, which can partially or completely block the passage of food and waste. Crohn’s can cause fistulas (abnormal tunnels between parts of the intestine) and severe inflammation, both of which can disrupt normal bowel function and contribute to obstruction
What is vancomycin
What affect does it have on the kidneys?
What should be monitored when a patient is receiving IV vanco
Vanco = strong antibiotic
Nephrotoxic drug = potential to cause damage to the kidneys (Acute kidney injury)
Monitor vanco trough, GFR, Creatinine and BUN levels
State 2 teaching points for a client who has acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and has been receiving chemotherapy treatments
-Infection control measures:
Frequent hand hygiene, avoiding crowded places, stay away from those who are currently/recently sick/ill, neutropenic precautions
-Frequent rest periods, light activity as tolerated
-Protein rich diet
name 2 potential causes for urinary retention
1. Obstructive: (BPH, Narrowing of urethra d/t scarring/inflammation, bladder stones, tumors, constipation)
2. Neurological: (Spinal cord injury, MS, Parkinson's, diabetic neuropathy)
3. Medication Induced
4. Infection/Inflammation (UTI, prostatitis)
What are 2 symptoms of pancreatitis and why can it be life-threatening?
Symptoms:
Can be lift threatening d/t potential for:
Organ failure, infection (sepsis), respiratory complications, etc
State 3 risk factors for blood clots
Cardiac (Afib, hypertension)
Smoking
Obesity
Estrogen therapy (birth control, menopause tx)
2 common symptoms associated with hiatal hernias
3 teaching points for patients
Hiatal hernia - upper part of stomach pushes through the diaphragm
Symptoms:
Teaching:
Avoid tight fitting clothes
small frequent meals
avoid lying down 2-3 hours after eating
elevate Head of bed when sleeping
avoid spicy fatty acidic foods
quit smoking
lose weight
What is purse lip breathing, why is it used and name on respiratory condition where pursed-lip breathing is encouraged?
Pursed-lip breathing is a simple/effective breathing technique used to help manage shortness of breath and improve oxygen exchange.
It is especially beneficial for individuals with chronic respiratory conditions - such as COPD, or asthma
Explain why having high blood pressure is serious health risk
Hypertension can silently damage the body overtime. Can cause some of the following:
1. Brain Damage
Stroke: High blood pressure can cause arteries in the brain to burst or become blocked, leading to a stroke
Dementia and Cognitive Decline: Reduced blood flow to the brain can lead to vascular dementia and memory problems
2. Heart Damage
3. Blood Vessel Damage
Aneurysms: Constant pressure can cause arteries to bulge and potentially rupture, leading to internal bleeding.
Atherosclerosis: High blood pressure damages artery walls, allowing plaque to build up and narrow the vessels
4. Eye damage (hypertensive retinopathy)
5. Kidney Damage
Damaged blood vessels in the kidneys reduce their ability to filter waste, potentially leading to kidney failure
6. PAD - narrowed arteries in limbs can cause pain, poor circulation and even amputation
7. Sexual Dysfunction d/t reduced blood flow (males and females)
3 s/s of liver disease
What is cholecystitis?
What are some common symptom (state 2)
Why is it serious?
What it is: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones blocking the cystic duct.
Key symptoms:
Severe right upper quadrant or epigastric pain
Pain radiating to the right shoulder or back
Fever, nausea, vomiting
Often triggered after eating fatty meals
Why it's serious: Can lead to gallbladder rupture, infection, or sepsis if left untreated.
Expected lab values for AKI (creatinine, BUN, GFR).... increased or decreased?
-Decreased GFR
-Increased Creatinine
-Elevated BUN