Language of the immune system
Bacteria
Fungi
Worms
Protozoa
Provide a physical first line defence in plants
Bark
Waxy leaves
Thorns
They can engulf and digest pathogens
Which line of adaptive immunity is responsible for clearing extracellular pathogens
Humoral
Give an example of a primary lymphoid tissue
bone marrow, thymus
Give an example of a non-cellular pathogen
Virus
Prions
Keep good hygiene
What is the key function of an eosinophil?
Releases granules to attack large, extracellular pathogens
List the three different types of T cell
T helper cell
T memory cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Where do naive T cells get produced?
Bone marrow
What is an antigen?
Any molecule that is used to communicate 'self' and 'non-self' to the immune system
Explain how digestive enzymes act as a chemical barrier
Digestive enzymes target pathogens that enter the gut. If pathogens are ingested, digestive enzymes are able to break down pathogens
Name TWO communication molecules of the immune system
Cytokines
Interferons
Explain one key function of antibodies
Why in the production of MABs do we harvest from the spleen?
The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ and therefore immune cells like B cells reside here
Explain the difference between MHC class 1 and MHC class 2 molecules
MHC class 1: on all nucleated cells to determine self from non-self
MHC class 2: on all specialised cells of the immune system for antigen presentation
Provide 2 key differences between the innate and adaptive immune system
Innate system is non-specific, whereas adaptive system is highly specific
You are born with the innate system, whereas you develop the adaptive system over your life and through experiences
Innate system is quick, whereas adaptive immune system takes time
Explain the first thing that would happen as a vaccine is injected into the skin
Initiation: Pathogen enters the immune system and phagocytes release cytokines and mast cells release histamine
Explain the effects of immunological memory on the effectiveness of an immune response
Graph!
Upon first exposure, adaptive immune cells take time to be activated etc. So the first response is slower and less antibodies are produced. As memory is formed, second exposure results in a quicker, larger response as memory cells are able to identify the pathogens and initiate immediate response
What is the main role of secondary lymphoid tissues?
Define what type of immunity this is: A person with a snake bite is injected with anti venom
Passive artificial immunity
Explain what is meant by 'microbiological barriers' and how they can assist with immunity
These barriers work as good bacteria in the gut take up space within the digestive tract. This means there is less space for harmful pathogens to replicate
Explain the three stages of inflammation
Initiation - a pathogen is introduced into the system, phagocytes release cytokines, mast cells release histamine
Vasodilation - blood vessels dilate and become leaky, allowing immune cells to easily access the site
Migration - phagocytes, neutrophils and complement proteins come to the site to destroy pathogens and initiate repair
Explain how B cells are used to create monoclonal antibodies
An antigen of interest is injected into an animal to produce an immune response and expand specific B cells. These B cells are harvested, fused with myeloma cells and cloned to produce many MABs
Explain the role of afferent and efferent vessels of lymph nodes
Afferent vessels - fluids and pathogens enter the lymph nodes
Efferent vessels - antibodies and cytotoxic T cells will leave to travel to the site of infection