Social & Linguistic influences
What is the term for alternating between two languages within a single conversation or interaction?
code switching
What term refers to deliberate efforts by governments or institutions to regulate and promote the use of specific languages through policies related to education, media, and public administration?
language policy
What term describes a linguistic scenario where two distinct varieties of a language are used within a community, with one variety reserved for formal contexts and the other for everyday communication?
diglossia or diglossic situation
Which linguistic phenomenon arises as a simplified form of communication when speakers of different native languages need to interact but lack a shared language?
Pidgin
In a diglossic situation, what term describes the ______ variety of language used for formal contexts like literature and education?
H variety or High variety
In a diverse workplace, employees may adjust their language depending on who they're speaking to. During formal meetings, they might use polished, professional language to impress higher-ups. But when chatting casually with coworkers of similar backgrounds, they might switch to a more relaxed tone, including slang or regional dialects. This adaptation helps them fit in and build connections across different ________ within the company.
social classes
What term describes the ability of an individual in a multilingual community to switch between languages based on the social context, such as using one language at home and another at school or work?
linguistic repertoire
In parts of the Arab world, Classical Arabic is used as the high variety for formal functions like literature, religion, and education, while regional dialects are used for everyday communication. However, not all speakers of regional dialects are proficient in Classical Arabic. This is a example of ____________
diglossia without bilingualism
In a multicultural neighborhood of an English-speaking city, Spanish-speaking immigrants prioritize maintaining their native language and cultural heritage. They speak Spanish at home, enroll their children in bilingual programs, and participate in community events and organizations that promote Spanish language and culture. Despite living in an English-dominated environment, these immigrants actively preserve and promote Spanish as an integral part of their identity and community cohesion. This is an example of ________________
Language maintenance
What linguistic phenomenon involves the interaction between speakers of different languages, leading to linguistic borrowing, influence, and the emergence of new linguistic varieties?
language contact
Changes in social and economic impacts such as globalization, education policies, and social aspirations, religious shifts, migration and urbanization, Media and technology, can cause a __________
language shift
The process through which individuals or groups adopt the language, cultural norms, and identity of a dominant or majority group, often resulting in the loss or decline of their native language and cultural heritage.
Language assimilation
At the local market, you hear vendors haggling with customers in a mix of English, Spanish, Mandarin, and Arabic. Each language serves a specific function: English may be used for formal transactions, Spanish for negotiating prices with Hispanic customers, Mandarin for communicating with Chinese tourists, and Arabic for engaging with Middle Eastern residents. This is an example of ___________
polygossia
What distinguishes creoles from pidgins in terms of linguistic development?
a group of people who share rules for conducting and interpreting at least one variety of a language or dialect.
language community
features of the creole tend to change in the direction of the standard variety
decreolisation
At a multicultural gathering, friends fluently transition between languages based on personal preferences and conversation topics. They seamlessly switch from English to Mandarin Chinese when discussing recent travels, and effortlessly transition to Spanish when sharing stories about favorite foods. This dynamic _____ ______ reflects their diverse linguistic backgrounds and enhances communication within the group.
code choice
Describes a language serving as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual speech community
Lingua Francas
During their conversation, Sarah seamlessly switched between English and Spanish, mentioning her plans to attend a "fiesta" with her friends this weekend. Her friend Alex responded enthusiastically, saying he couldn't wait to dance salsa at the party.
lexical borrowing
Multilingual communities have more _________ varieties and these co-exist alongside more nativised ones
standardized
In multilingual communities: the many different ethnic/tribal languages used by the different groups are referred to as _____________
vernacular languages
occurs when individuals alternate between different languages or dialects at sentence boundaries. Here's a real-life example:
"In my Spanish class, we learned about the environment. The profesora talked about the importance of recycling and cómo podemos proteger nuestro planeta."
Inter-sentential code-switching
What term describes the linguistic practice where bilingual or multilingual speakers seamlessly blend elements from different languages to communicate effectively?
translanguaging
Let's say you're walking down the street in a very diverse city. You see above you an advertisement in Korean, then you walk past a restaurant and hear them playing Greek music and see a street sign in German. This is a example of a _______________
Linguistic Landscape
Status of _______ of a standard dialect guarantees that it will spread
prestige