Cultural Movements
The eighteenth- and nineteenth-century movement to transition the method of production from hand-made to machine-made.
Industrial Revolution
This musical texture was the preferred one in Classical-era music
melody and accomopaniment
This grammatical term describes a section of melody that is considered a complete musical "thought."
Phrase
Due to the increased rates of production during the Industrial Revolution, this instrument grew increasingly popular in the middle-class home
The piano
A large-scale piece for orchestra, typically with four movements
Symphony
An 18th-century movement with the stated goal of improving the human condition through reason
the European Enlightenment
Western European audiences in the late 19th century liked music that came from this place, because of its perceived "otherness" and "authenticity"
Russia
A unique musical theme assigned to each character, object, place, and idea in a drama, first used by Richard Wagner
Leitmotiv
This operatic voice is usually cast to play the female lead character
Soprano
This kind of song represents a group of people and geographical territory, and instructs listeners about a shared set of values among those people
National anthem
This 19th-century movement that prioritized the subjective experience of an individual's personal reality, led by one’s own emotions
Romanticism
This kind of music was considered the most Romantic of all the arts, because it could capture feelings that could not be put into words
Instrumental music
This is a five-note scale used by many folk music traditions, and that Antonín Dvořák used his Symphony No. 9, "For the New World"
Pentatonic
Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, famous for its "Ode to Joy" theme, incorporated this unusual element in its last movement
Singers
This Black American genre was the first American-composed music to gain popularity in concert halls
Spirituals
This widespread 19th-century ideology involved unifying groups of people under shared cultural norms, folk traditions, systems of government, and common land
Nationalism
This Romantic idea means something that is incomprehensible, great, awe-inspiring, and/or terrifying
sublime
Accompaniment that breaks chords into single notes that outline the harmony of a piece
Alberti bass
This cartoon music technique, in which instruments make sounds mimicking onscreen motions, has roots in nineteenth-century compositions like Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition
"Micky Mousing"
This kind of opera, invented in the Classical Era, often centers around themes of class, deception, and gender roles
comic opera
This political event played a part in inspiring Ludwig van Beethoven's "Heroic" period
The French Revolution
Motivated by a cultural obsession with individualism, as well as a surplus of new music, composers of this century developed unique musical styles to stand out from others
19th century
The musical theme in Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique that represents a woman with whom the protagonist has an uncontrolled obsession
idée fixe
Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique utilizes a large orchestra and unusual timbres, including violins playing with THIS part of their bows
Wood
A nineteenth-century setting of a poetic text, usually for voice and piano, that uses instrumentation and vocal melody to act out characters in the story
Art song