Muscle Quiz Review (A&P)

Muscle Structure

100

The type of muscle tissue which makes up the muscles attached to our bones is:

Skeletal Muscle

200

This is the most common type of connective tissue structure which connects our muscles to our bones:

Tendon

300

A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by a perimysium layer is called a:

Muscle fascicle

400

In some regions of the body, muscles are connected to each other and to nearby bones by broad, flat sheets of connective tissue. One of these would be called a(n): 

Aponeurosis

500

There are three different types of connective tissue layers which cover the outside of a muscle, the outside of a bundle of muscle fibers, and each individual muscle fiber. Provide the correct names for each of these tissue layers, in the correct order from most superficial to most deep.

Epimysium -> Perimysium -> Endomysium

Sarcomes

100

The two primary types of protein which carry out the contractile processes in a sarcomere are:

Actin and Myosin

200

This is the name of a long column of connected sarcomeres that runs the length of a skeletal muscle fiber. Each skeletal muscle fiber contains several of these.

Myofibril

300

The protein which anchors the thin filaments and thick filaments to the Z line so that they do not tear apart during contraction is called:

Titin

400

This is the part of a the sarcomere which represents the total width of one sarcomere's thick filaments, and does not change in size during contraction. 

A Band

500

This is the part of the sarcomere that represents the distance between the ends of the thick filament in one sarcomere and the end of a thick filament in a neighboring sarcomere. When contraction occurs and the sarcomeres get closer together, this area does get smaller. What is the name of this area?

I Band

Neuromuscular Signaling

100

This is a specific connection point between the end of a motor neuron (its axon terminal) and the membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber. This is the specific location where signals are sent from the nervous system into a skeletal muscle. This is called a:

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

200

This is the name for the electrical nervous system signal which arrives at the axon terminal and causes the release of a neurotransmitter:

Action Potential

300

This is the simplest possible type of muscle contraction; it is the result of one motor neuron signaling to one muscle fiber to contract one time.

Twitch

400

This is the name of the specific neurotransmitter which is released from motor neurons to signal to muscle fibers to initiate contraction:

Acetylcholine (ACh)

500

If a signal from a motor neuron arrives at a skeletal muscle fiber before it finishes contracting, tension remains in that skeletal muscle fiber, and so the next contraction occurs with more tension than a single contraction. Essentially, the force from the two contractions has been added together. This effect increases the more rapid the frequency of nervous stimulation. This name for this effect is:

Wave Summation

Muscle Movements

100

This is the term for the baseline, resting level of tension present in muscles in an organism. As this level of resting tension increases, a person's muscles will appear physically more pronounced. 

Muscle Tone

200

Each skeletal muscle is innervated by a number of motor neurons. Each motor neuron connects to a group of skeletal muscle fibers within the muscle. By activating one of those groups at a time, fluid muscle movement is produced. Each of these groups of muscle fibers is called a:

Motor unit

300

This is a type of muscle movement in which the tension being produced by the muscle is enough to overcome the load/resistance it works against. In weightlifting, this is the type of movement that occurs when the weightlifter is successfully moving the weight against gravity. 

Concentric contraction

400

This is the type of muscle contraction which occurs in which the force being generated by the muscle is equal to the force of the resistance/load. A classic example of an exercise which uses this kind of contraction would be a plank, in which your body is held above the ground but not raised and not lowered.

Isometric contraction

500

This is the main factor which allows muscles to elongate following contraction. It describes the fact that every muscle has a partner, opposite muscle which moves the same body part but in the opposite direction. 

Antagonistic pairs

Muscle Metabolism

100

This is the small, high-energy molecule which all cells use in order to do work.

ATP

200

This is the organelle which, during normal cellular respiration, will create the vast majority of the cell's energy through the breakdown of glucose.

Mitochondria

300

This is the type of cellular respiration which occurs in cells undergoing extremely high levels of activity / extremely vigorous exercise. It occurs when oxygen is being used faster than it is being made available; only  a small amount of energy is made, and lactic acid gets produced as a waste product.

Fermentation

400

This is the type of skeletal muscle fiber which has a high number of mitochondria and contains a large amount of myoglobin, which helps it get additional oxygen. These muscle fibers produce lower amounts of force than others, but can work for very long periods of time without becoming fatigued. 

Slow fibers / Slow twitch fibers

500

This is the full name for the main type of cellular respiration which occurs in a cell undergoing moderate activity/exercise, in which oxygen is being used to break down glucose and make large amounts of energy.

Oxidative Phosphorylation