Anatomy
What segment of the hoof capsule is the thickest?
The stratum medium
The horn of the hoof wall that is produced by the coronary dermis. The stratum medium makes up most of the wall substance.
The hoof wall consists of three layers: the stratum externum, stratum medium, and stratum internum.
What is the main way inflammasomes are activated during an endotoxin-associated inflammatory response?
Binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to toll-like receptors on macrophages
What type of dermis provides nutritional supply to the bulk of the bovine hoof wall (stratum medium)?
Coronary dermis
The coronary band is located where the skin joins the hoof wall. It has a rich supply of blood vessels to provide nourishment to the hoof and creates new tissue which makes up the hoof wall. This is the exterior part of the hoof that can be seen and encases the internal structures offering a hard layer of protection.
What mechanistic drug class includes xylazine and detomidine?
Alpha 2 adrenergic agonists
Which digits do ruminants bear weight on?
Ruminants only have the 3rd and 4th metacarpals and phalanges/digits, so they are essentially walking on their 3rd and 4th fingers
What tissues compose the stratum medium of the hoof capsule?
Tubular and intertubular horn
What chemical mediator of inflammation acts by relaxing vascular smooth muscles, resulting in vasodilation?
Nitric oxide
regulates blood pressure, transmits signals between neurons.
What type of dermis provides nutritional supply to the bulk of the bovine hoof wall (stratum medium)?
Coronary
What is the mechanistic drug class of ketamine?
What are codons and how do they function?
Regions of a protein coding transcript that encode the specific amino acids
What bovine digits are weight bearing?
Bonus: what other digits are present?
Digits III and IV
Bonus: The dewclaws are the reduced digits II and V that are attached, without synovial joints, by fascial ligaments at the level of the fetlock joint. They do not reach the ground.
What is the main difference between DAMPs and PAMPs?
DAMPs are molecules released from damaged cells; PAMPs are derived from infectious agents
DAMPs: damaged associated molecular pattern
PAMPs: pathogen associated molecular mattern
What type of cytokines generally promote osteoclast differentiation and activation?
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Is the use of phenylbutazone approved in the the united states for management of pain in dairy cattle?
No
Adverse reactions: suppression of white blood cell production and aplastic anemia
What is the difference between cause-specific mortality rate and case-fatality rate?
Cause-specific mortality rate is the number of deaths by a specific disease over the total population.
Case-fatality rate is the number of deaths by a specific disease over all the animals with that disease.
The hoof is part of what body system?
What enzyme plays a crucial role in enzymatic theory of laminitis?
Matrix metalloproteinases
Tissue remodeling, degradation of the extracellular matrix
What physiological process is primarily responsible for the development of laminar within hooves of hoofed animals?
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels
What is the mechanism of action for Flunixin?
Bonus: What are the indications?
Inhibits the production of prostaglandins and prevents the synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase.
Indications: pain, inflammation, fever
What neurotransmitter is commonly associated with transmitting pain signals in response to inflammation?
Substance P
nociception (sensory neuron)
What tissues compose the stratum medium of the hoof capsule?
Tubular and intertubular horn
Tubular horn is the type of horn from which the majority of the hoof capsule is made. It consists of many elongated cylinders of horn (horn tubules) lying parallel to each other and running continuously from the coronary band to the bearing edge, the horn tubules are grown from the epidermis of the coronary papillae. Between these tubules lies strong intertubular horn which forms a matrix in which the tubules are embedded, this is grown from the coronary epidermis between the papillae.
Name three inflammatory cytokines that play a crucial role in early recruitment of leukocytes
What is the most demanding life stage in dairy cows?
Early-mid lactation
They need more nutrients because they are producing the most milk in this time frame
What is the mechanism of action for Meloxicam?
Bonus: What class is Meloxicam in?
Functions like Flunixin; inhibits prostaglandin production and the synthesis of cyclooxygenase
What are regions where single nucleotide polymorphisms might occur within or near a gene?
Intergenic space, intron, exon, promotor, enhancer, codon