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100

This muscle is the main hip extensor

What is the gluteus maximus

100

Movement toward the midline is called this

What is adduction?

100

This cell type is responsible for bone resorption

What are osteoclasts?

100

This nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh

What is the femoral nerve?

100

This ligament would be injured if a force pushes the knee outward

What is the LCL?

200

This structure increases efficiency of quadriceps force  

What is the patella

200

This process allows bones to grow in length at the epiphyseal plate

What is endochondral ossification?

200

This type of connective tissue has parallel collagen fibres (e.g., tendons)

What is dense regular connective tissue?

200

This artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg

What is the anterior tibial artery?

200

Loss of plantarflexion suggests damage to this compartment of the leg

What is the posterior compartment?

300

This compartment includes fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis

What is the lateral compartment

300

The stance phase of gait begins with this event

What is heel strike?

300

This germ layer gives rise to connective tissue

What is mesoderm?

300

This nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg

What is the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve?

300

A patient cannot flex the knee or extend the hip. This nerve is most likely injured

What is the sciatic nerve?

400

This opening in the fascia lata allows passage of the great saphenous vein

What is the saphenous opening?

400

What are three stabilising features of the knee joint?  

ligaments (ACL, PCL, collateral ligaments), menisci, and surrounding muscles (e.g. quadriceps/hamstrings)?

400

This type of collagen is the primary structural component of hyaline cartilage

What is type II collagen?

400

What structures pass through the tarsal tunnel?

Tibialis posterior tendon, Flexor digitorum longus tendon, Posterior tibial artery, Posterior tibial vein, Tibial nerve, Flexor hallucis longus tendon

400

Injury to the deep fibular nerve results in this clinical condition

What is foot drop (loss of dorsiflexion)?

500

The intermuscular septa of the thigh attach to this bony landmark on the femur, creating the three compartments of the thigh

What is the linea aspera?

500

Describe the components of the extracellular matrix and explain the function of each component.

1. Fibres

  • Collagen fibres → provide tensile strength and resist stretching
  • Elastic fibres → allow tissues to stretch and recoil
  • Reticular fibres → form a supportive scaffold for cells

2. Ground substance

  • Gel-like material composed of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  • Functions:
    • Supports cells
    • Allows diffusion of nutrients and waste
    • Resists compression

3. Cells (less abundant but important)

  • Fibroblasts (in connective tissue proper) produce ECM components
500

Explain how the RANK–RANKL–OPG system regulates bone remodelling and how disruption of this pathway leads to osteoporosis

osteoblasts produce RANKL which binds RANK on osteoclast precursors → promotes osteoclast formation and bone resorption; osteoprotegerin (OPG) acts as a decoy receptor to inhibit this; increased RANKL or decreased OPG shifts balance toward osteoclast activity → increased bone resorption → osteoporosis

500

Trace the arterial blood supply from the heart to the posterior thigh

Left ventricle → ascending aorta → aortic arch → descending thoracic aorta → abdominal aorta → common iliac artery → external iliac artery → femoral artery → profunda femoris

500

What forms the boundary of the femoral triangle and what structures pass through it?

Back:

Boundaries (ISL):

  • Superior: Inguinal ligament

  • Lateral: Sartorius

  • Medial: Adductor longus

Contents (lateral → medial = NAVeL):

  • Femoral Nerve

  • Femoral Artery

  • Femoral Vein

  • empty space (femoral canal)

  • Lymphatics (deep inguinal nodes)