Neoplasms
Measures the tumor size, spread to the lymph nodes and if it has mets.
What is the TNM system?
Inflammation of the bone caused by an infection
Rapid destruction: infection can quickly spread into the bloodstream (septicemia)
Abscess forms within the periosteum, deprives the bone of blood supply, and can lead to necrosis
What is osteomyelitis?
Trisomy 21
Most common inherited chromosomal disorder
1 in every 800 live births (1 in 20 if mother over 40)
Majority dx. in 2nd trimester
What is Downs syndrome?
Known as brittle bone disease,
Rare congenital disorder of collagen synthesis
affecting bones and connective tissue
Less Severe: may go unnoticed until child begins to walk
Severe: fractures and deformities in utero
What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
Well differentiated, rarely invade locally
What is a benign tumor?
Infection of synovial fluid & joint tissues
Destruction can proceed rapidly with long lasting effects
Acute onset joint pain, edema, loss of ROM, Systemic symptoms vary (fever, chills)
Pus may drain through a sinus
What is Septic Arthritis?
Congenital neural tube defect
~2 per 10,000 live births
Multifactorial Etiology
Folic Acid deficiencies
Genetic predisposition
Exposure to toxic (teratogenic) substances that alter fetal development
What is Spina Bifida?
•failure of acetabulum to deepen
•Subluxation often occurs
What is hip dysplasia?
Primary MALIGNANT bone tumor
10-25 yrs. old, 2:1 male to female (growth spurt)
Destructive lesions, abundant sclerosis, RAPID
Lung mets early in 90%
Metaphysis of long bones (knee), pelvis, proximal humerus
What is osteosarcoma?
Failure to distinguish Self from Non-self
The immune system becomes self-destructive
What is an autoimmune disease?
Muscle hypotonia, distinguishable facial features
Joint hyper extensibility
Delay in language & cognition
Delayed gross motor skills
What are the clinical characteristics of Down syndrome?
•Abnormal lateral curvature of spine
•Rotation can cause rib cage deformity
•Kyphosis & lordosis commonly concur
What is scoliosis?
Primary MALIGNANT bone tumor
Typically affects ages 40-60
Pelvis, ribs, vertebra, long bones
Slow growing, but often aggressively spreads (distant mets, esp. lungs)
Invades and destroys local and adjacent tissue
What is Chondrosarcoma?
MECHANISM of the disease
it progresses (cellular, clinical presentation)
Development of unhealthy conditions or disease, or the cellular mechanisms and reactions and other pathologic events that occur in the development of the disease
What is Pathogenesis?
*Proximal weakness
Gowers’ Sign
Co-morbidities: scoliosis, resp. impairment, ↓ balance
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
No visual protrusion (closed)
Tuft of hair; dimple in skin
Usually no neuro dysfunction; occ. bowel/bladder or foot weakness
What is Spina Bifda Occulta?
Extremely malignant tumor arising in bone or soft tissue
Ages 10-20; 2:1 males
Found in long bones, pelvis
Edema, local pain after an injury can be intermittent, delaying tx.
What is Ewings Sarcoma?
Objective, measurable
What are signs?
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) contracted
Head tilt to affected side, rotation of chin to the opposite side In dystonia, neural impulses cause sustained spasms resembling a tremor
What is Torticollis?
Meninges & spinal cord protrude
Permanent neuro impairment
Flaccid vs. spastic paralysis
MS deformities
Hydrocephalus
Cognitive limitations
What is Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele?