Musculoskeletal System

Sprains/ Fractures

100

What is a Grade 1 Sprain

              Grade 2 Sprain

              Grade 3 Sprain

1: Mild: Tenderness, minimal swelling

2: Moderate: Severe pain, partial tearing, some loss                                                                of function

3: Severe: Complete tear, less pain, loss of function

200

4 methods to stabilize fractures

1: Internal fixation: pins/needles, stabilize two                                                             broken ends

2: External fixation: External frame

3: Casts, Splints or braces

4: Traction: pulls area in a position to stabilize

300

Pin Care

Meticulous cleaning w/ sterile water daily

Premedicate 30 mins before pin care

10 days after surgery, showering can begin w/                                                         external fixtures

400

Grating sound due to stiffness of joints

Crepitation

500

Pain, Pallor, Paranesthesia, Pulselessness, Paralysis, Poikilothermia (cool to touch), severe/ unrelenting pain, narcotics does NOT help, tingling, numbness

Compartment Syndrome

Osteoarthritis

100

osteoarthritis type that occurs asymmetrically and typically affects only one or two joints and is a result of injury 

Secondary

200

Treatment for Osteoarthritis

Low-impact aerobic exercise/ strengthening, 

weight reduction if overweight, 

maintenance of joint function, 

salicylates, acetaminophen or NSAIDs 

300

Teachings for Osteoarthritis

Gentle exercise for joint mobility/ decrease pain

Avoid placing stress on affected joints

Moist heat application

Maintain weight in normal limits

Use of imagery for relaxation and to reduce pain

400

Degenerative joint disease characterized by breakdown of cartilage in synovial joints, bones, joint capsule, surrounding tissues, and synovial fluid

Osteoarthritis

500

Particularly of the hands, can occur symmetrically with no cause being identified

Primary Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

100

Teach patient to avoid this with RA

Red Meat

200

What is the treatment for RA?

**Methotrexate (DMARD)**/ NSAIDs

Rest, Exercise, Meds, Immobilize

Hot/Cold Compresses

300

What is a common diagnostic trait in RA?

Elevated C-reactive Protein, Positive Anti- CCP

400

Nodules on hands (Cardinal Sign), joint pain, warmth, edema, limited motion, stiffness in joints in the morning >1 hr

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

500

How to diagnose RA?

3 or more joints, 

lasts more than 6 weeks, 

elevated c- reactive protein,

positive anti-ccp

Osteoporosis

100

Measures amount of brittle bones, all metal objects removed, height is measured

DEXA Scan

200

Silent disease, no early signs or symptoms, mainly diagnosed after fracture from little or atraumatic (w/o trauma)

Osteoporosis

300

Treatments for Osteoporosis?

Adequate Calcium + Vitamin D (sunlight exposure)/                                               + Phosphorous (bone)

Weight- bearing exercise 

Eat foods such as sardines, salmon, cheese, yogurt +                                                                     milk

400

Osteoporosis mainly occurs in this group of people?

Older, white women

500

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis?

Age, Chronic disease, medications,

long term calcium and vitamin D deficiency, 

smoking, excessive caffeine or alcohol intake,

sedentary lifestyle

Gout

100

Signs and Symptoms of Gout?

Elevated Serum uric Acid and Tight

Reddened skin over an inflamed/ edematous joint

Elevated Temperature

Extreme pain in joint

200

What is performed to confirm diagnosis of Gout?

Arthrocentesis

300

What is Gout?

Arthritis of a joint caused by high serum levels of uric acid.

400

What is the most common site of gout?

Big Toe

500

What are the teachings for people with Gout?

Med side effects and dosage, Avoid Alcohol

Weight control w/ diet, Fluid intake of 2-3L/daily

People who take Allopurinol need a periodic LFT cause drug can cause liver failure

Restrict high-purine foods (anchovies, sardines, sweetbreads, liver, bacon, kidneys, and venison)