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Medieval Ages
Renaissance Age
Baroque Period
Classical Period
People and Terms
100
This researcher is credited with building on Pavlov's earlier work and identifying a type of learning that is largely controlled by stimuli that precedes the response.
Who is BF Skinner?
100
These events are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
What is a primary reinforcer?
100
This type of reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
What is positive reinforcement?
100
This type of learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
What is observational learning?
100
When a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.
What is classical conditioning?
200
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
What is operant learning?
200
A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.
What is a schedule of reinforcement?
200
This occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.
What is punishment?
200
This researcher found that observational learning is not entirely separate from classical and operant conditioning - he asserted that both classical and operant conditioning can take place vicariously through observational learning.
Who is Albert Bandura?
200
He was a prominent Russian physiologist who did Nobel-prize winning research on digestion and is credited with identifying a broad theory of learning that attempts to explain aspects of emotion, temperament, neuroses, and language.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
300
Classical conditioning is to ____ responses as operant conditioning is to ____.
What is reflexive? and What is voluntary?
300
This type of reinforcement schedule requires the organism to make the designated response a certain number of times to gain the reinforcer.
What is a ratio schedule?
300
In this type of learning, the organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.
What is escape learning?
300
Whenever Matt takes his dog out for a walk, he wears the same old blue windbreaker. Eventually, he notices that his dog becomes excited whenever he puts on this windbreaker. This is a type of what kind of conditioning?
What is classical conditioning?
300
The stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
400
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer and closer approximations of some desired response.l
What is shaping?
400
These events acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
What is a secondary reinforcer?
400
___________________involves removal of an aversive stimulus thereby strengthening a response, while _________________________ involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus, thereby weakening a response.
What is negative reinforcement and what is punishment?
400
The Wailing Creatures are a successful rock band with 3 hit albums to their credit. They begin their US tour featuring many new unreleased songs, all of which draw silence from their concert fans. The same fans cheer wildly when the band play any of their old hits. Gradually, the band reduces the # of new songs and plays more old ones.
What is operant conditioning? (Playing new songs - negative consequences (silence) or punishment. This weakens their tendency to play new songs. Playing old songs - positive consequences (cheering) which strengthens the tendency to play old songs.
400
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
500
Skinner demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences. These favorable consequences are called................
What is a reinforcer?
500
This type of reinforcement schedule requires a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcers.
What is an interval schedule?
500
This type of reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.
What is negative reinforcement?
500
For nearly 20 years Ralph has worked as a machinist in the same factory. His new foreman is never satisfied with his work and criticizes him constantly. After a few weeks of heavy criticism, Ralph experiences anxiety whenever he arrives at work. He starts calling in sick more and more frequently to evade this anxiety.
What is both operant and classical conditioning? Ralph's workplace is paired with criticism so that his workplace becomes a CS eliciting anxiety. Calling in sick is operant behavior that is strengthened through negative reinforcement (because it reduces anxiety).
500
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.
What is an unconditioned response?