20th century Nationalists
Some nationalist composers from... Russia
Who is:
- Sergei Rachmaninoff
- Alexander Scriabin
- Sergei Prokofiev
Progression of the 12 bar blues
I I I I (1,1,1,1)
IV IV I I (4, 4, 1, 1)
V V I I (5, 5, 1, 1)
Traits of expressionism in music
- distorted perspective to provoke emotion
- extremely expressive
- dissonant harmonies
- wide leaps in melodies
- instruments in extreme registers
Who created the prepared piano, and what was it
John Cage. It was a piano that was altered by sticking screws and other objects in the strings to create different sounds
Some impressionist composers and the main idea of impressionism in music
Who is Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.
What is moving away from clear tonality by using new textures, scales, and techiques
Some nationalist composers from... France
Who is:
- Darius Milhaud
- Arthur Honegger
- Francis Poulenc
A note that is intentionally played under pitch (flat)
Blue note
The four tonalities of the modern era and what they mean
- Expanded Tonality: a clear center, but using nontraditional chords/notes
- Polytonality: playing in multiple keys at once
- Atonality: no clear key, anything goes
- Twelve-Tone music: strict rules to determine the order of the 12 possible notes
Name some important figures in jazz/blues
- Louis Armstrong (Trumpet player who created scatting)
- Fletcher Henderson Band (pioneer of big band jazz)
- Duke Ellington (Jazz pianist and composer, "Take the A train")
- André Previn (Pianist and conductor)
- Charlie Parker (Bebop alto saxophonist)
- Dizzy Gillespie (Bebop trumpeter)
- Miles Davis (Cool Jazz musician)
- John Coltrane (Tenor saxophone player)
- Horace Silver (Hard bebop musician)
What the phrase "emancipation of the dissonance" means
FREEDOM!
Dissonance can exist for itself, free from resolution. There no longer is a pull towards consnance as there was in the previous era. Now the listener is floating and waiting for the reslolution, but it never comes.
Some nationalist composers from ... Hungary
Who is:
- Bela Bartok
- Zoltan Kodaly
Name at least 5 influential musical theatre composers/duos
George Gershwin (Lady Be Good, Strike Up The Band, Of Thee I Sing)
Cole Porter (Anything Goes, Kiss Me Kate)
Richard Rogers and Oscar Hammerstein (Oklahoma, Carousel, South Pacific, Sound of Music)
Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe (Paint Your Wagon, My Fair Lady, Camelot)
John Kander and Fred Ebb (Cabaret, Chicago)
Stephen Sondheim (Sweeney Todd, Into The Woods)
Andrew Lloyd Webber (Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita, Cats, Phantom of the Opera)
Stephen Schwartz (Godspell, Pippin, Wicked)
Leonard Bernstein (On the Town, West Side Story)
Features of early musical modernism
- Rhythmic complexity:
Odd meters (time sig), changing meters, polyrhythms (inspired by African music)
- Melody:
No longer necessarily vocal in character, use of wide leaps and unusual intervals (if you sang it to your kid they would cry)
- Harmonies:
Moved beyond 3 and 4 note structures to polychords of 6 or 7 notes, even two harmonic progressions played together (extended harmonies)
Composer of ballets such as "Fire Bird" and "Petroushka"
Name two more ballets that this composer wrote.
Who is Igor Stravinsky
"Rite of Spring" and "Agon"
What the study of authentic national folk music is called
What is ethnomusicology
Famous compositions of German nationalist, Carl Orff
What is "O Fortuna" and "Carmina Burana"
Who is the "King of Rag"
Scott Joplin
Name 3 American Modernists of the early 20th century
- Charles Ives (Country band march)
- William Grant Still
- Aaron Copland (Appalachian Spring, Rodeo)
America's favourite bandmaster
John Phillip Sousa
How was Ragtime music created?
Marching band music was very popular at this time in America, and African American musicians began to adapt March music, adding syncopated African rhythms, creating Ragtime.
(Marching Band musical structure = strains of 16 bars)
Key feature of Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev's works.
Bonus points if you can name what ballets he composed for
Often very dissonant and harmonically unusual. Retained the sense of a key.
Bonus: "Cinderella" and "Romeo & Juliet"
Name 5 different styles of "jazz"
- Big Band Jazz
- Bebop
- Cool Jazz
- Hard bop
What is minimalism
- based on repetition of patterns with slowly changing variations
- Steve Reich, and Philip Glass are the most well known composers of this style
Name three developments that Arnold Schoenberg created and what they mean
- twelve tone technique (aka dodecphonic music serialism): strict guidelines to how to organize the notes into a tone row
- Sprechstimme (speechlike melody) - lyrics have pitches, but the pitches are spoken in pitch rather than sung
- Klangfarbenmelodie - ‘tone color melody’, where a melody is passed through the ensemble from instrument to instrument so the different tone colours become part of the melody
1970's experienced alot of changes with new technologies. ______ gave way to digital music where instruments can now be digitally recreated on an interface called ______.
What is "tape splicing" and "MIDI"