Italian Renaissance
The revival of classical forms is reflected in the dome of a Renaissance cathedral located in this Italian city.
Florence
A major overall result of the Renaissance was the development of new attitudes toward these two areas.
Culture & Learning
Martin Luther initiated a debate on his complaints against the Church by nailing his 95 Theses to a church door in this town.
Wittenberg
King Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to grant an annulment of his marriage to her.
Catherine of Aragon
Galileo Galilei’s astronomical discoveries provided evidence supporting this astronomer's theory of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus
In The Book of the Courtier, this author described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.
Baldassare Castiglione
Unlike Italian painters, Northern European artist Pieter Bruegel focused his paintings on the realities of this group's life.
Peasants
According to John Calvin’s theological teachings, salvation is achieved through this concept.
Predestination
After seizing control of the English church, Henry VIII enriched his crown by closing and seizing the wealth of these Catholic institutions.
Convents and Monasteries
Nicolaus Copernicus is credited with developing this model of the universe, placing the sun at the center.
The Heliocentric Model
The Italian Renaissance began in this location because it was the center of the Roman Empire and trade enriched its merchants.
Italy
This famous sculptor created the Pietà, an example of realistic human representation in sculpture.
Michelangelo
Some radical Protestant sects held the belief that only this group should receive baptism.
Adults
The Catholic Church launched its own reform movement in response to the Protestant Reformation to clarify teachings and revitalize spiritual devotion.
The Catholic Reformation / Counter-Reformation
Francis Bacon and René Descartes both contributed to the Renaissance by helping develop this process based on observation, experimentation, and logic.
The Scientific Method
Wealthy families in Florence, such as this prominent family, served as crucial patrons funding painters, sculptors, and architects.
The Medici's
Beyond trade and travel, the widespread distribution of these was key to spreading Renaissance ideas to Northern Europe.
Printed Books
The invention of the movable type printing press accelerated the Reformation by increasing these.
Available Books
Between 1545 and 1563, the Catholic Church convened this council to reaffirm doctrines and address internal corruption.
The Council of Trent
This English thinker worked directly on developing the scientific method alongside Descartes.
Francis Bacon
This Italian Renaissance intellectual movement focused on human potential, individual achievement, and classical Greek and Roman texts.
Humanism
Martin Luther referred to printing press technology as this ultimate religious gift.
"God's highest act of grace"
Strong religious passions during the Reformation led to this group being expelled and subjected to new restrictions.
Jews
The printing press impacted the Protestant Reformation by allowing the Bible to be mass-produced for this broad audience.
Common People
Expanding on Copernicus's work, this astronomer mathematically proved that planets move in elliptical orbits.
Johannes Kepler