European Exploration & Voyagers
On September 8, 1522, 18 surviving crew members of this explorer’s expedition completed the first recorded circumnavigation of the world.
Ferdinand Magellan
European powers used overseas colonies to advance this economic policy by securing precious metals and exclusive export markets.
mercantilism
Lord Macartney’s 18th-century diplomatic mission to Qing China failed partly because he refused to perform this traditional ritual of respect.
The Kowtow
One major, devastating biological effect of the Columbian Exchange on Native American populations was the rapid spread of these.
European diseases
In North America, the French and the British fought fiercely over land claims, eventually leading to this loser's total departure from dominant North American power.
The French
Signed in 1494, this treaty divided the non-European world between Spain and Portugal, causing other nations to rush into exploring the West.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Unlike trading operations run directly by monarchs, this company possessed full sovereign powers, allowing it to wage war and govern territories independently.
Dutch East India Company
During their encounter with the Aztecs, Hernán Cortés and the Spanish scorned the native religion and attempted to force conversion to this faith.
Christianity
Early colonial documents like the Mayflower Compact helped lay the foundation for these "traditional rights" claimed by British colonists.
representative assemblies (or self-government)
European mercantilists believed that a nation's true wealth was measured by its stored supply of these two precious metals.
gold and silver
A main motivation for early European explorers reaching Asia was a strong desire for direct access to this lucrative trade.
(Asian) Spice Trade
Under this system granted by Spanish monarchs, American Indians were forced to work under brutal labor conditions.
Encomienda System
Following brutal 17th-century invasions by the Japanese and Manchus, this Asian kingdom responded by adopting strict isolationist policies.
Korea
During the transatlantic trade era, map data shows that the slave trade in Africa was far more dominant in these regions than in the interior.
coastal areas
North American colonists who protested British taxes viewed themselves as having traditional rights as "freeborn" citizens of this nation.
England (or Great Britain)
Because of the Treaty of Tordesillas, this modern South American country retained Portuguese language and culture.
Brazil
European powers were drawn to India by paintings, accounts, and physical evidence showing the vast wealth of this Indian empire.
Mughal Empire
This Chinese dynasty rejected British trade requests made by Lord Macartney because their emperor viewed the Chinese empire as entirely self-sufficient
Qing
Cold European perceptions regarding this environmental factor caused the colony of New France to grow very slowly.
Climate
North American regional conflict between the British and French broke out in this year before expanding into the Seven Years' War.
1754
Both Dutch traders and these Dutch descendants in South Africa shared a common colonial view that native Africans were their inferiors.
Boers
As a result of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, this European power secured dominant control over North America
Great Britain (or the British)
Osei Tutu organized the government of this African kingdom using a merit-based bureaucracy similar to Ming China.
Asante (kingdom)
This 1763 agreement brought an end to the French and Indian War and the global Seven Years' War.
The Treaty of Paris
Antonio Pigafetta recorded the harrowing 3-year journey of Magellan's surviving ship, predicting that no one would ever make such a voyage again. This ship was the only one of five to complete the voyage.
the Victoria