Enlightenment Thinkers
Who argued that all people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
What event marked the start of the French Revolution in 1789?
The Storming of the Bastille
What feeling inspired people in Italy and Germany to unite under one nation?
Nationalism
What invention, improved by James Watt, powered factories and machines?
The steam engine
Why were women and children hired in early factories?
They could be paid less than men and fit into small spaces in machines or mines.
What idea did Montesquieu propose to prevent tyranny in government?
Separation of powers (3 branches: executive, legislative, judicial)
What social class made up 97% of the population in pre-revolutionary France?
The Third Estate
Who were two major leaders of Italian unification?
Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi
What economic system did Adam Smith promote in The Wealth of Nations?
Capitalism (free market / laissez-faire)
What were working conditions like for women and children in factories?
Long hours (12–16 per day), low pay, unsafe machines, and poor ventilation.
Which philosopher wrote The Social Contract and believed humans are naturally good but corrupted by society?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who led the only successful slave revolt in history in Saint-Domingue?
Toussaint L’Ouverture
What leader used “blood and iron” to unify Germany?
Otto von Bismarck
What group made up 70% of Britain’s population and worked long hours for low pay?
The industrial working class
Who were the bourgeoisie during the Industrial Revolution?
The middle class such as factory owners, bankers, merchants, and professionals who benefited from industrialization.
What is the “social contract”?
An agreement between the people and government—citizens obey laws in exchange for protection of their rights.
What document was inspired by Enlightenment ideas and written by the National Assembly in France?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
How did Napoleon spread nationalism across Europe?
He spread Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas through his conquests and the Napoleonic Code.
What document exposed child labor abuses and led to factory reforms?
The Sadler Report (1832)
What were the main environmental effects of industrialization?
Pollution and urban overcrowding
How did Enlightenment ideas challenge the divine right of kings?
They argued that power comes from the people, not from God.
How were the French and American Revolutions similar?
Both were inspired by Enlightenment ideas about liberty, equality, and natural rights.
What 1815 meeting restored monarchies and balance of power after Napoleon’s defeat?
The Congress of Vienna
What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call for in The Communist Manifesto?
A workers’ revolution to overthrow capitalism and create a classless society.
What two major social classes grew out of industrialization?
Middle class and working class