Pathophysiology & Etiology
A complete occlusion of a coronary artery will likely lead to which type of myocardial infarction?
What is a STEMI (ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction)?
Name some of the most common symptoms a person would experience when they are having a myocardial infarction.
What is chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, radiating pain, dizziness, and fatigue?
Name some common complications after a person experiences a myocardial infarction.
What is heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock and pericarditis?
Name some EKG changes you would see in someone having a myocardial infarction.
What is ST elevation/depression, T-wave inversion, and pathological Q-waves?
Explain what MONA stands for.
What is morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin, and aspirin?
What are the most common risk factors for a myocardial infarction? Name at least two.
What is atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hypertension, obesity, and smoking?
How chest pain typically presents during a myocardial infarction?
What is pressure or tightness? (Ex: "elephant sitting on my chest")
Name some symptoms of cardiac tamponade.
What is hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds?
Name other labs we would run in a patient with a myocardial infarction.
What is a complete blood count (CBC), basic metabolic panel (BMP), lipid profile, and coagulation test?
Name some medications that can be used to prevent a myocardial infarction.
What are statins, aspirin, antihypertensives, and antidiabetic medications?
The formation of plaque in the coronary arteries, which can narrow the artery and restrict blood flow.
What is atherosclerosis?
What shortness of breath indicates during a myocardial infarction.
What is pulmonary congestion?
Explain how a myocardial infarction can lead to acute kidney injury.
What is decreased blood flow to the kidneys and use of nephrotoxic drugs?
Explain how coronary angiography is used to diagnose a myocardial infarction.
What is contrast dye injected in the coronary arteries to visualize the vessels?
Name some medications that are used to treat heart failure following a myocardial infarction.
What are diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBS, beta blockers, and inotropes?
Name at least one comorbidity that will increase the risk of a myocardial infarction.
What is chronic kidney disease and hyperlipidemia?
How myocardial infarctions often present in women.
The type of shock most typically occurs after a myocardial infarction.
What is cardiogenic shock?
Explain the significance of troponin and why it is a biomarker for a myocardial infarction.
What are proteins released when heart muscles are damaged?
Name some lifestyle changes one can make to prevent a myocardial infarction.
What are dietary changes, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, limiting alcohol intake, and weight management?
The area of myocardial tissue that is ischemic but still can be reversed in damage.
What is the penumbra zone?
Reason why someone may experience nausea and vomiting during a myocardial infarction.
What is Vagus nerve stimulation and stress response?
Explain the risk for a stroke after a myocardial infarction.
What is a thromboembolism due to dysfunction of infarct tissue?
Name the three biomarkers we test for when someone is having a myocardial infarction.
What is troponin, creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and myoglobin?
Name invasive procedures that can be done to treat a myocardial infarction.
What is a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with balloon angioplasty and stent placement, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), thrombectomy, and LVAD?