Anxiolytics
This class of medications is indicated to treat anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal, hyperexcitability and agitation, pre-op anxiety.
What are benzodiazepines?
This medication class can be considered both a hyptnotic and anxiolytic.
Barbituate.
Reduce the repuptake of 5HT and NE into nerves.
What is the mechanism of action of Tricyclic antidepressants?
Alters sodium transport in nerve and muscle cells
Inhibits the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, but not serotonin, from stimulated neurons
Increases the intraneuronal stores of norepinephrine and dopamine slightly
Decreases intraneuronal content of second messengers
What is the mechanism of action of lithium?
Act on cortical and RAS, possible by increasing the release of catecholamines from presynaptic neurons leading to an increase in stimulation of the postsynaptic neurons
What is the mechanism of action of a CNS stimulant?
Sedation, drowsiness, depression, lethargy, confusion, blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, nausea/vomiting, hypotension, urinary rention.
What are side effects of benzodiazepines?
Phenobarbital.
Which medication is the prototype anxiolytic/hypnotic?
Treatment of patients with depression who are unresponsive to, or unable to take other SSRI, tricylics, and other antidepression agents.
MAOI's are indicated in what patient population?
Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, pherphenazine, pimozide.
What are examples of typical antipsychotics?
ADHD, narcolepsy, sleep/wake disturbances.
What are indications for the use of stimulants?
Act in the limbic system, make GABA make more effect, interfere with neuronal firing.
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?
Pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital
What barbituates are used as Anxiolytic–Hypnotics?
Specifically blocks the reputake of 5HT, with little to no known effect on NE.
Pseudoparkinsonism
Dystonia
Akathisia
Tardive Dyskinesia
Potentially irreversible neuroleptic malignant syndrome
What are types of extrapyramidal effects?
Armodafinil (Nuvigil), atomoxetine (Strattera), dextromethamphetamine (Dexedrine), lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), modafinil (Provigil).
What are examples of CNS stimulants?
This class of drugs is indicated for relief of signs and symptoms of anxiety, as well as sedation, insomnia, preanesthesia, seizures. It is an older class of medication with multiple risk factors.
What are barbiturates?
CNS depressants
Inhibit neuroral impulse conduction in the ascending RAS
Depress cerebral cortex
Depress motor output
Cause: sedation, hypnosis, anesthesia, and coma
What is the mechanism of action of a barbituate?
Desvenlafazine (Pristiq)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
Venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR)
What are some examples of Serotonin Norepinephrine Inhibitors (SRNI's)?
•Lithium (Lithobid)
•Apripiprazole (Abilify)
•Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
•Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
•Quetiapine (Seroquel)
•Ziprasidone (Geodon)
What are examples of medications for bipolar disorder?
This drug weakly blocks the reuptake of NE, 5HT, and dopamine. At lower doses, this drug is effective in smoking cessation.
What is bupropion (Wellbutrin)?
CNS depression, inhibits neurononal impuls conduction in the ascending RAS, depresses the cerebral cortex, motor output, causes sedation, hyptnosis, anesthesia, and coma.
What is the mechanism of action of barbituates?
•Relief of the signs and symptoms of anxiety
•Sedation
•Insomnia
•Preanesthesia
•Seizures
What are the indications for barbituates?
Drug drug interactions with antidepressants, methyldopa, insulin. Food interactions with tyramines.
What is a critical nursing consideration with MAOIs?
Aripiprazole (Abilify), clozapine (clozaril), lurasidone (Latuda), olanzaprine (Zyprexa), quetiaprine (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal), ziprasidone (Geodon).
What are examples of atypical antipsychotics?
Scientists have theorized that depression results from a deficiency of biogenic amines in key areas of the brain; these biogenic amines include norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, and serotonin (5HT).
What is the current biochemical theory on the causes of depression?