Genetic Structure
A visual appearance of an individual's complete set of chromosomes in descending order of size
What is a karyotype?
In DNA replication, this enzyme binds to the primer and makes new strand of DNA in one direction, 5' -> 3'
what is DNA polymerase?
During this phase of mitosis, chromosomes condense and become visible, appearing as two sister chromatids held together at the centromere
Prophase
In this type of mutation, base substitution causes a codon to change from one coding amino acid to a stop codon. In general, this mutation is harmful as it leads to a premature termination of protein synthesis
What is nonsense mutation?
The site in which methylation on a DNA sequence often occurs
What is a CpG site?
When the -OH on the sugar-base is replaced by a phosphate group
What is a nucleotide?
A concept that after one round of replication, every new DNA double helix would be a hybrid that consists of one old DNA and one new DNA
What is semi-conservative replication?
A phase within interphase in which the DNA replicates and each chromosome contains two chromatids
S phase
During which phase of meiosis does the crossing over between nonsister chromatids occur?
Prophase I
A process in which epigenetic information is passed on from parent to the next generation
What is genetic imprinting?
This structure is made of eight histone molecules
What is a nucleosome?
A type of bond that must be broken for a DNA molecule to "unzip"
hydrogen bond
Name one of the diversity sources during the cell cycle
Prophase I -crossing over
Metaphase I - independent assortment
Random pairing of gametes during sexual reproduction
During metaphase I, pairs of homologous chromosome to align independently along metaphase plate contributing to genetic diversity
What is independent assortment?
Which of the following epigenetic process regulates the translation process? SATA.
A. Telomere
B. microRNA
C. Histone modification
D. Nucleosome organization
E. DNA methylation
B. microRNA
Q: For a molecule N=3 bases long, how many possible sequences?
64
A large RNA-proten complex that catalyses the removal of introns (non-coding regions) from nuclear pre-mRNA
What is a spliceosome?
*free*
What gives people power?
money? status? mitochondria !
This type of mutation causes change in every amino acid that follows a mutation and usually leads to a nonfunctional protein production.
e.g. acridine (dye commonly used for genetic research)
What is a frameshift mutation?
Which of the following epigenetic process regulates the transcription process? SATA.
A. Telomere
B. microRNA
C. Histone modification
D. Nucleosome organization
E. DNA methylation
C. Histone modification
D. Nucleosome organization
E. DNA methylation
The process in which the complementary nature of DNA strands allow them to find each other in a complex mixture of molecules, e.g. during DNA replication and gene regulation
What is reannealing?
The end of the tRNA molecule that is complementary to the mRNA codon
What is anticodon?
The final products of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II are:
Be specific. (# of cells, ploidy)
Mitosis: two diploid daughter cells
Meiosis I: two haploid daughter cells
Meiosis II: four haploid daughter cells
How many distinct gametes can an individual produce?
(Hint: you don't have to calculate)
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, so one person could produce 2^23 different gametes.
Provide two examples on how environment (nutrition, parental stress and anxiety) could affect on epigenetic changes
1) Increasing nurturing process from parent to child could increase the glucocorticoid receptors’ sensitivity and therefore cause child to have lower cortisol level and lower stress
2) Food (vitamin B) contain methyl group that can affected by the epigenetic mechanism
3) telomere length could be affected by stress, maternal stress, socioeconomic/education, behavior
4) physical activity could influence of DNA methylation process