Homeostasis/
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
What is the body's control center?
Hypothalamus
What does ADME stand for?
Absorption, Digestion, Metabolism, Elimination
What is the Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act?
Required safety (toxicity) testing
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
Give an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA
What is central shunting?
Peripheral vasoconstriction and central shunting go hand-in-hand. When your peripheral blood vessels constrict, blood is shunted away from your peripheral body parts and towards your core (blood is warm and your body wants to keep your most vital organs warm and functioning properly) which are located centrally in your body.
What organs/organ systems participate in metabolism?
Mostly accomplished by the liver (phase I & phase II). Also includes GI Tract, lungs, skin, and kidneys
List the drugs that don’t work via a receptor
Antacids, osmotic laxatives, chelating agents/resins
Where does translation occur?
Cytoplasm
Give an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
works to restore homeostasis by correcting a deficit in the system and producing adaptive responses in the opposite capacity (ex: pancreas releases more insulin when blood sugar is high)
What does % PPB tell you?
The percentage of drug bound to a protein and is therefore unusable
What is Potentiation?
When one drug (w/ negligible or no effects alone) enhances effects of another drug
What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing an RNA strand from a DNA template?
RNA Polymerase
What neurotransmitters are involved in arousal/sleep?
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
GABA
Histamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
What are the 3 basic components of a feedback loop?
Sensors
CNS Control Center
Effector
Define ion trapping?
When a weak acid goes from an acidic environment to a basic environment, it becomes ionized and can no longer cross back into an acidic environment (and vice versa)
What is tachyphylaxis?
Reduction in drug responsiveness by repeated doses over SHORT TERM
List the 4 bases involved in translation:
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine
What neurotransmitters are involved in pain perception?
Glutamate
Serotonin
Oxytocin
Substance P
When would therapeutic hypothermia be beneficial?
Stroke/heart attack. Despite hypothermia and rewarming inducing injury, many benefits of hypothermia have been demonstrated when used to preserve brain, cardiac, hepatic, and intestinal function against ischemic injury.
What is a p-glycoprotein transporter? Give at least 3 examples of the organs involved.
FXN: transports drugs out of the cell
Intestines - transport to intestinal lumen (reduces drug absorption into blood)
Kidney - pumps drugs into urine for elimination
Liver - transports drugs into bile for elimination
Placenta - transports drugs back into maternal blood
Brain - pumps drugs into blood limiting access to brain
Drug tolerance can be....?
Pharmacodynamic
Metabolic
Tachyphylaxis
Where is protein synthesized?
Ribosome
Describe the role of neurotransmitters and receptors in a chemical synapse.
At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron. These molecules then bind to neurotransmitter receptors on the postsynaptic cell.