Napoleon's Rise & Reforms
How did Napoleon rise to power?
Military success during the French Revolution gave him a reputation as a strong leader; weak government under the Directory left people seeking a strong leader and more order after the chaos of the French Revolution.
What is an example of forceful diplomacy under Napoleon?
Placing friends and relatives on the thrones of Europe; forcing alliances
What tactic did the Russians use to weaken Napoleon’s army?
Scorched-earth campaign
What was a viceroy?
A representative who ruled in the name of the king of Spain
What does Napoleon want to restore to Haiti when he sends his army?
Slavery
Who ultimately wins independence for Mexico?
Augustin de Interbide
What is a plebiscite and how did Napoleon use them to strengthen his rule?
A plebiscite is a popular vote by ballot. He used plebiscites to make his seizure of power appear more legitimate and to be the will of the people rather than an autocratic takeover.
What was the Continental System, and how did Napoleon use it to unify Europe under his control?
The Continental System was a system of economic warfare that prohibited European nations from trading with Britain. This was used to unite the countries of Europe under Napoleon’s rule and weaken Britain.
What is another word for leaving the throne?
Abdicate
A system of forced labor where Spanish had the right to demand labor or tribute from American Indians was called…
Encomienda system
How did Toussaint Louverture rise to power?
Toussaint Louverture had strong diplomatic and strategic abilities which allowed him to rise through the ranks. His history as a former enslaved person also made him able to appeal to many enslaved.
Why do many of the independence movements against Spain happen around the same time? (Hint: Think about what is happening in Spain!)
They were strategically timed for when Spain was weakest, after Napoleon had invaded Spain.
What are two rights in the Napoleonic Code?
Equality before the law, religious toleration
Why did Napoleon decide to invade Russia?
Russia objected to the Continental System and its negative economic effects. Napoleon invaded in an attempt to keep Russia under his control.
What is nationalism?
Feelings of loyalty and pride towards one’s country
What racist reasoning by the Spanish was used to explain their need for enslaved African labor?
They believed that Africans were immune to tropical diseases, had strong skills in farming, and were naturally strong workers
What sparked the Haitian Revolution?
There was an uprising of enslaved people that coincided with the French Revolution. People in Haiti were inspired by the ideas of freedom and equality, and also saw an opportunity in a weakened France that had also recently declared slavery illegal.
Describe two tactics that Bolivar uses to gain independence to lands in South America.
He teamed up with other military leaders, such as José San Martin. He gained assistance from Venezuelan cowboys. He launched a surprise attack on Spanish forces by marching over the Andes.
What was significant about Napoleon’s coronation ceremony?
He crowned himself, instead of letting the pope crown him. This was meant to show that he gained the throne himself, and that no one granted it to him.
Why was the Congress of Vienna significant?
It helped to maintain the balance of power in Europe for many years after Napoleon by keeping any one nation or leader from growing too powerful. There were no other large-scale wars in Europe until WWI.
What is guerilla warfare? What country used it to resist Napoleon?
Guerilla warfare is hit and run raids. Spain used it.
Describe the following three classes and who belonged in them: peninsulares, creoles, mestizos.
Peninsulares: Spanish born in Spain (had highest positions in the government)
Creoles: Spanish born in Latin America (had most of the plantations, ranches, mines)
Mestizos: People of American Indian and European ancestry
How do other nations respond to Haiti’s independence?
U.S. and other nations worried recognizing Haiti would inspire future uprisings in their nations/colonies. They kept Haiti economically isolated, and France made Haiti pay them an indemnity (a payment for damage) to compensate former slave owners, which further hurt them.
How are Father Miguel Hidalgo and Father José Morales similar? (Give three examples.)
They both fought for Mexican independence. Both were priests who also advocated for social change, including the abolition of slavery. Both were also captured and killed before their goals could be realized.
Name two reforms Napoleon made to restore economic prosperity.
Controlled prices, encouraged new industry, built roads and canals, opened jobs to all based on talent
What factors caused Napoleon to be defeated at Leipzig?
He was vastly outnumbered by a coalition of the major European powers, who united to defeat him. He was also weakened by his disastrous campaign in Russia.
What was the consulate?
The initial government Napoleon created after her overthrew the Directory. It consisted of a three-man governing board.
Beyond conversion, how did many missionaries try to make Native Americans more “Spanish”?
They made them wear European clothing, learn Spanish language, and new crafts/jobs, and tried to reduce the influence of their own native cultures
How is Dessalines able to finally win independence for Haiti?
As a general under Louverture, he had excellent military strategy and tactics. He is able to lead a highly motivated army that did not want to be re-enslaved. The French forces were also weakened by an outbreak of yellow fever.
How is Brazil’s independence movement different from other examples in Latin America?
It was not fought by revolutionaries, but rather a peaceful severing of political ties with Portugal while the current leader stayed on the throne and accepted a constitution (very similar to the Glorious Revolution in England).