Terraforming Mars
The estimated amount of time and money needed to terraform Mars.
What are trillions of dollars and an unknown amount of time?
YouTube, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XdkKMhAdnA.
Removes any hydrocarbon including most of the infectious material left on the inside surfaces of an ambulance.
What is atomic oxygen?
"NASA Spinoff," 2018
This NASA mission with a goal to get humans to Mars has a budget of about 4 billion USD.
What is Mars One?
“Mission Budget - Finance and Feasibility.” Mars One, www.mars-one.com/faq/finance-and-feasibility/what-is-mars-ones-mission-budget.
The NASA astrophysicist who introduced the idea of "nuclear winter" to the American public in October of 1983.
Who is Carl Sagan?
Parade Magazine Oct 30, 1983
An astronaut in space closes their eyes and will see flashes of light. These flashes are tiny ions that have lost their electrons shooting through the tissue of eyes and the brain at a velocity approaching the speed of light.
What is space radiation?
"Fending off Killer Electrons." New Statesman, December 2014 by Michael Brooks
Mars' atmosphere is comprised of about 95% of this greenhouse gas making it impossible to naturally breathe there without certain death.
What is Carbon dioxide?
Program allowing you to use NASA technologies to create new or improved commercial products or even launch a company.
What is NASA's Technology Transfer Program?
NASA Spinoffs.gov, NASA Spinoffs, 2016
The lack of these on Mars is the reason why Mars' surface is getting bombarded with solar radiation.
What are the atmosphere and magnetosphere?
The organization, SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Life), costs this much each year.
What is 2.5 million?
Plait, Phil. "The Cost of SETI: Infographic." The Cost of SETI: Infographic, Discover, 1 May 2011, blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/05/01/the-cost-of-seti-inforgraphic/#.Xccc3i-jYrnE.
The ends of chromosomes indicating age in human beings. This biological phenomena was observed as lengthened during the year-long spaceflight of American astronaut, Scott Kelly.
What are Telomeres?
"NASA Twins Study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight.", April 12, 2019 issue of Science, Francine Garrett-Bakelman et al
This is the reason why it is so cold on Mars even when Mars' atmosphere is almost entirely greenhouse gasses.
What is an extremely thin atmosphere?
Hindsight Inc.'s solution to high resolution imaging of melanoma in the skin without a biopsy.
What is the Compact Spectrometer.
NASA Spinoffs.gov, NASA Spinoffs, 2018
This new advancement is designed to turn Co2 into oxygen.
What is MOXIE?
The length of time SETI has been searching for extraterrestrial life?
What is 59 years?
"Long-duration missions on the International Space Station have resulted in some astronauts developing ocular changes, including optic disc edema and choroidal folds."
What is spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrom or SANS?
"The NASA Twins Study", Science, Issue 364, April 12, 2019, Francine Garrett-Bakelman et al
This person thought up the idea of having satellites orbit mars with giant reflectors reflecting sunlight onto mars.
Who is Elon Musk?
A technology invented by NASA funded researchers who where looking for ways to keep test pilots cushioned during flights.
What is memory foam.
www.nasa.gov/offices/oct/40-years-of-nasa-spinoff/memory-foam
Elon Musk believes it would cost this amount of money to move to Mars in the future.
What is 100k to 500k?
NASA has relied on the Russian space program for transport of American astronauts to the ISS since 2011. This initial contract amount was awarded to Boeing to develop the Starliner spacecraft and the Atlas V launch vehicle.
What is 2.2 billion dollars?
“NASA’s Management of Crew Transportation to the International Space Station.” NASA Office of Audits
November 15, 2019
According to the NASA Twins Study, there were 10 key physiological processes influenced by long-duration spaceflight.
What is body mass and nutrition, telomere length regulation, maintenance of genome stability, vascular health, ocular structural adaptations, transcriptional and metabolic changes, epigenetic shifts, lipid level alterations, microbiome responses and cognitive function?
"NASA Twins Study." Science, 12 Apr 2019, Francine Garrett-Bakelman et al
Melting the polar ice caps on Mars would result in this.
What is the release of greenhouse gas?
Steigerwald, Bill. “Mars Terraforming Not Possible Using Present-Day Technology.” NASA, NASA, 25 July 2018, www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2018/mars-terraforming.
The technological advance resulting from NASA's need to enhance computer generated images of the Moon.
What is Computerized Tomography Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
This famous scientist believes we should only go to Mars for discovery and experimentation, but should not set up a society.
Who is Bill Nye?
Lackey, Katharine. “Bill Nye: We Are Not Going to Live on Mars, Let Alone Turn It into Earth.” USA Today, Gannett Satellite Information Network, 20 Nov. 2018, www.usatoday.com/story/tech/science/2018/11/19/bill-nye-mars-were-not-going-live-there-make-like-earth/1905447002/.
NASA has relied on the Russian space program for transport of American astronauts to the ISS since 2011. This initial contract amount was awarded to SpaceX to develop the Dragon 2 capsule and Falcon 9 rocket.
What is 1.1 billion dollars?
“NASA’s Management of Crew Transportation to the International Space Station.” NASA Office of Audits
November 15, 2019
The NASA study and multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight. This study was meant to help NASA scientist ask the right questions in future studies as well as know which health risks will need mitigation going to Mars.
What is The NASA Twins Study?
Science, Issue 6436, April 12, 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science