The Respiratory System
The Cardiorespiratory System
Structure of the Heart
Blood Vessels
Function of the Heart
The Endocrine System
Endocrine Glands
Insulin, Glucagon, Blood Glucose
The Digestive System
GI Tract
100

The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.

Inspiration

100

A system of the body, also known as the circulatory system, that transports blood to tissues of the body.

Cardiovascular System

100

Superior chamber(s) of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart.

Atrium (atria)

100

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart.

Arteries

100

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

Stroke Volume

100

Cells that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surface of the body.

Glands

100

A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland.

Hypothalamus

100

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is responsible for glucose metabolism.

Insulin

100

The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food.

Mastication

100

A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine.

Chyme

200

The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.

Expiration

200

A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs, and airways.

Cardiorespiratory System

200

Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body.

Ventricle
200

Vessels that transport blood back to the heart.

Veins

200

The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction.

End-Diastolic Volume

200

Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to cells to activate a specific function.

Hormones

200

A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles.

Pineal Gland

200

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin.

Glucagon

200

The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion.

Ingestion

200

Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum.

Duodenum

300

Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration.

Respiratory Pump

300

Chamber within the chest that contains the heart and lungs.

Thoracic Cavity

300

Found in the heart, these formations help hold together muscle cells

Intercalated Discs

300

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues.

Capillaries

300

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection.

End-Systolic Volume

300

A substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change.

Enzyme
300

An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin.

Thyroid Gland

300

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate.

Glycogen

300

Multistep process that describes the passage of food through the body.

Digestion

300

Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum.

Jejunum

400

A process that involves expiring against a closed windpipe, creating additional intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.

Valsalva Maneuver

400

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g., heart, esophagus) except the lungs.

Mediastinum

400

Located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat.

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

400

Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries.

Arterioles

400

When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute.

Bradycardia

400

The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy.

Lipolysis

400

An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone.

Pituitary Gland

400

Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate.

Substrates

400

The anatomical part of the digestive tract that allows food to pass from oral cavity to stomach.

Esophagus

400

The final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to the large intestine.

Ileum

500

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.

Diffusion

500

The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

Sarcomere

500

Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles.

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

500

Small veins that allows blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins.

Venules

500

The overall performance of the heart (heart rate × stroke volume).

Cardiac Output

500

Cell that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated.

Target (receptor) Cell

500

A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol.

Adrenal Gland

500

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response.

Catecholamines

500

The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion.

Peristalsis

500

the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum make up what?

Small Intestine