Nationalism and Unification
What is nationalism, and how did it challenge the balance of power in Europe?
Nationalism is the belief in loyalty to a nation defined by shared language, culture, and history. It challenged the balance of power by threatening multiethnic empires like Austria and the Ottoman Empire.
What system of forced labor was implemented in Latin America by Spanish colonizers?
The Encomienda system.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini, and what was his role in Italian unification?
Mazzini was an Italian nationalist who founded Young Italy and inspired the Italian unification movement.
What is liberalism, and how is it connected to constitutionalism?
Liberalism advocates for individual freedoms and limited government power, often through constitutional protections
What was Romanticism, and how did it differ from the Enlightenment?
Romanticism emphasized emotion, individualism, and imagination, contrasting the Enlightenment’s focus on reason and logic
Who was Otto von Bismarck, and what policy did he use to achieve German unification?
Otto von Bismarck was the Prussian prime minister who used "realpolitik," prioritizing practical concerns over ethics, and strategic wars to achieve German unification.
What document inspired Haitian revolutionaries to claim freedom for all men?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Which leader freed northern South America from Spanish rule?
Simón Bolívar
Define "realpolitik" and explain its significance in unification movements.
Realpolitik focuses on practical and strategic decisions rather than ideological or ethical concerns, used effectively by Bismarck in German unification.
Name one composer who represented the Romantic movement and describe their influence.
Ludwig van Beethoven, whose emotional and expressive music marked a shift from classical to romantic styles.
Name the war that led to the unification of Italy's southern and northern states.
The Austro-Prussian War (for northern Italy) and the campaign of Giuseppe Garibaldi in the South.
How did the French and American revolutions inspire Latin American independence?
Both revolutions demonstrated that oppressive governments could be overthrown, and Enlightenment ideas about liberty and equality inspired Latin American leaders.
What was Miguel Hidalgo's role in the Mexican independence movement?
Hidalgo was a priest who initiated Mexico’s fight for independence through a rebellion against Spanish rule.
How did Enlightenment ideas influence independence movements in Latin America?
Enlightenment ideas about natural rights, liberty, and self-governance inspired people to rebel against colonial and oppressive regimes.
How did realism as an art movement respond to the rise of photography?
Realism sought to depict everyday life with accuracy, influenced by photography’s ability to capture detailed, realistic images.
What year did Germany and Italy achieve unification?
Germany and Italy completed unification in 1871.
Why was it difficult for Latin American countries to unify after gaining independence?
Geographic barriers like the Andes Mountains and Amazon Rainforest prevented effective unification.
What leader is credited with freeing southern South America?
José de San Martín
What was the role of nationalism in challenging multiethnic empires in Europe?
Nationalism encouraged groups within empires like Austria-Hungary to demand self-governance, threatening the stability of these empires.
What role did literature play in expressing nationalistic and emotional themes during Romanticism?
Literature explored love for nature, medieval nationalism, and emotional human experiences, as seen in works like Frankenstein and Edgar Allan Poe’s stories.
Explain how the Crimean War weakened the Austrian Empire and contributed to unification movements.
Austria refused to support Russia in the Crimean War, leaving it without allies. This weakened Austria’s power, allowing Italy and Germany to unify without interference.
Name two revolutionary leaders from the Latin American independence movements.
Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.
What did Toussaint L’Ouverture achieve during the Haitian Revolution?
He led Haiti’s successful revolution against French rule, making it the first independent nation in Latin America
What argument did Slovaks, Romanians, and Poles use for a national uprising?
They argued they were unfairly represented in the government and wanted the right to self-rule.
Compare Romanticism and Realism in terms of their focus and artistic expression.
Romanticism focused on emotions, imagination, and individuality, while Realism depicted ordinary life and social issues with factual accuracy.