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Latin America
Europe
Nationalism
Arts
Miscellaneous
100
What were the six classes of Latin American society?
Peninsulares (those born in Spain), creoles (Spaniards who had been born in Latin America), Mestizos (mixed European and Indian ancestry), mulattos (mixed European and African ancestry), Africans, and Indians
100
What are the three clashing philosophies in Europe during this time period? List and explain their positions.
Conservative: nobles and land owners who supported the king Liberals: middle-class merchants and business people who wanted to give power to elected legislatures Radicals: wanted the end of rule by kings and full voting rights for all
100
List the factors that make a nation-state.
Nationality, language, culture, history, land, religion
100
What is romanticism?
Early 1800s movement in art and ideas focused on nature and on the thoughts and feelings of individuals.
100
How did music change during the Romantic period?
It appealed to the hearts of listeners and became part of middle class life.
200
Who led the first Latin American Revolution in Saint Domingue?
Toussaint L'Ouverture, a former slave
200
Define the term Nationalism.
the belief that a person's loyalty should go to the nation itself, not the country's ruler
200
How did nationalism divide Russia?
Russian's tried to force other peoples to adopt Russian ways (known as Russification). This led to a revolution by 1917.
200
List an example of a romantic work of art. List both the author and the work.
Grimm brothers German folk tales, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe The Sorrows of Young Werther, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
200
Who becomes the leader of France then Charles X fails to restore an absolute monarchy?
Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew)
300
Which group in Latin American society led the majority of the Revolutions? Why did this group revolt?
Creoles felt they were treated unfairly. They wanted freedom.
300
Define the term nation-state.
When a nation had a its own independent government.
300
Explain Germany's unification.
Otto von Bismarck instigated wars with France and Austria, leading to the 7 Weeks' War and the Franco Prussian War. These wars united the southern German states with the rest of the German Confederation. They united under a kaiser.
300
What is realism?
artists and writers tried to show how life really was. They used art to protest unfair social conditions
300
Who was one of the first composers to experiment with Romanticism in music?
Ludwig von Beethoven.
400
Who were Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin?
Simon Bolivar: writer, fighter, political thinker --> survived defeats and exile to win independence for Venezuela in 1821 Jose de San Martin: helped win independence for Argentina in 1816 and Chile in 1818. He led armies to a combined victory in 1824. This led to a victory for ALL Spanish colonies.
400
How did Alexander II change Russia?
He freed the serfs. However, they had to pay for the land, so their debts kept them tied to the same land. He also moved to industrialize Russia.
400
What are the three types of nationalist movements? List and explain each.
Unification: mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands Separation: culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away State-building: culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture
400
What is impressionism?
art style that used light and light-filled colors to produce an impression of a subject or a moment in time
400
List three positive results of nationalism.
People within a nation overcoming their differences for the common good, Overthrow colonial rule, Democratic gov'ts in nations throughout the world, Competition leading to scientific and technological advances
500
Explain Mexico's independence movement.
Mestizos and Indians led the fight. Miguel Hidalgo, a priest, led a revolt against the Spanish gov't. Hidalgo lost, but Jose Maria Moreleos took over for the rebels. The Creoles, fighting with the Spanish gov't, won the war. Spain instituted a new gov't, so the creoles joined the rebels. 1821= Mexican independence.
500
Explain the Revolutionary movements that erupted in the Balkans.
Greece revolted against Turkish rule. Greeks won independence in 1830.
500
Explain Italy's unification.
Camillo di Cavour expanded Sardinia's land, while Giuseppe Garibaldi won the southern areas. Cavour convinced Garibaldi to allow the King of Sardinia to rule the new united Italy.
500
Why did new art movements form during these revolutionary periods?
Each formed in reaction to the beliefs of the revolutions.
500
List three negative results of nationalism.
forced assimilation of minority cultures into a nation's majority culture, Ethnic cleansing, Extremist nationalistic movements, Competitions leading to warfare