Natural Selection
What is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring?
Natural Selection
What is artificial selection?
The intentional breeding of two organisms selected for their desired traits.
What is genetic engineering?
The direct manipulation of an organism's DNA.
What is DNA replication?
The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself for each daughter cell.
What is protein synthesis?
The creation of proteins
Name a common example of natural selection in action.
Giraffe neck length
Moths colors
Frog colors
Give an example of a trait selected through artificial selection in animals.
Dog breeds
Cows for more milk production
rose colors
Name a common method used in genetic engineering.
Recombinant DNA
CRISPR-Cas9
Define semi-conservative
One strand of each NEW DNA helix is from the original parent DNA and one is newly made
Name the two main stages of protein synthesis. (100 points each)
1. Transcription
2. Translation
How does variation among individuals in a population affect natural selection?
Variation allows some individuals to survive better and reproduce more than others.
How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
Artificial selection is human-directed, while natural selection is driven by environmental pressures.
How can genetic engineering be used in agriculture?
It can be used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that are resistant to pests or diseases.
What are the three parts that make up DNA? (100 points for each)
Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
What role does mRNA play in protein synthesis?
mRNA creates a copy of the gene segment AND carries it from the nucleus to the ribosome.
Explain the term "survival of the fittest" in the context of natural selection.
The individuals best suited to their environment are more likely to survive longer and reproduce.
What are some potential drawbacks of artificial selection?
It can reduce genetic diversity and lead to health problems in the selected species.
What ethical concerns are associated with genetic engineering?
Concerns include potential long-term effects on ecosystems and ethical considerations of modifying life.
Name the four nitrogen base pairs. (100 points each)
Adenine Thymine
Guanine Cytosine
What is the purpose of the proteins made? (200 points each)
1. Cell Function (job)
2. Express traits
What role does inheritance play in natural selection?
Inheritance allows advantageous traits to be passed down to future generations.
Discuss how artificial selection can impact genetic diversity.
Artificial selection can reduce genetic diversity and increase susceptibility to diseases.
Describe a real-world application of genetic engineering in medicine.
Producing insulin for diabetes treatment through genetically modified bacteria.
Name the three steps of DNA Replication
Unwinding the DNA double helix, complementary base pairing, and joining new nucleotides.
Name the 6 steps of protein synthesis. (100 points for each correct step = 600 points total)
1. DNA double helix strands are unzipped, exposing nitrogen bases
2. mRNA comes and matches complementary nitrogen bases creating a copy of the DNA
3. mRNA take the copied strand to a Ribosome to begin Protein Synthesis
4. tRNA brings codons to compliment mRNA sequence
5. rRNA chemically bonds the codons together, forming a chain of amino acids
6.The amino acids curl and fold into themselves, forming the coded for protein. Shape = Function