RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription/Translation
Mutations
Evolution
Natural selection and evolution
100
What does mRNA, tRNA and rRNA stand for?
messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA
Triple points!!!: Describe the role of each!
100
Transcribe this DNA into mRNA:
TTA AGC GGA
A. AGG CGA ATT
B. AAT TCG CCT
C. AAU UCG CCU
D. TTA AGC GGA
C. AAU UCG CCU
100
True or False: Mutations are random changes to the nucleotide base sequence (e.g. A, T, G, C, U)
True
100
True or false: Evolution does not occur in populations, but in individuals
False
100
Which organism is most fit for this environment and why? 
Mouse bc it has access to food, shelter and other mice to reproduce.
200
The model shows one type of RNA involved with protein synthesis.
Which of the following explains the importance of the RNA in the image?
A It specifically codes for the particular proteins.
B It carries the instructions for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome.
C It translates the genetic code from one amino acid to another.
D It provides the framework on which amino acids are assembled.
B It carries the instructions for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome.
200
What is the correct amino acid sequence for the mRNA codons AAU UCG CCU?
A. Asn - Ser - Pro
B. Ala - Ser - Pro
C. Arg - Cys - Phe
D. Asp - Ser - Leu
A. Asn - Ser - Pro
200
A mutation that results in the same amino acid is a ______ mutation.
A. Frameshift B. Insertion C. Deletion D. Silent
Silent
Double the points: What are the least harmful type of mutations?
200
what is evolution?
When a population changes over time to better suit their environment
200
Darwin observed a variety of tortoises on the Galapagos Islands. These observations provided evidence for which of these statements?
A Species vary locally.
B Species vary over time.
C Island species are identical to mainland species.
D Island species are unrelated to mainland species.
A Species vary locally.
Double the points: Give an example of species varying over time
300
(Get at least 4 right) Write the correct letter next to each property to identify it as a property of RNA, DNA, or both DNA and RNA.
R = RNA D = DNA B = Both
_____ Generally single-stranded
_____ Contains thymine
_____ Contains uracil
_____ Contains the sugar ribose
_____ Is a nucleic acid
_____ Consists of a long chain of nucleotides
Generally single-stranded
D Contains thymine
R Contains uracil
R Contains the sugar ribose
B Is a nucleic acid
B Consists of a long chain of nucleotides
300
A strand of DNA has mutated
AUG UAC ACG UUG GCG ACG (original)
AUG UAG ACG UUG GCG ACG (mutant)
How will gene expression be altered due to the mutation? Use the codon chart to help determine this.
A. It will remain exactly the same, producing identical traits.
B. Asparagine will be changed to lysine, which will change the polypeptide chain and may change the trait.
C Translation will stop right after it starts because the mutation produces a stop codon.
D Transcription of the DNA will occur much earlier during protein synthesis.
C Translation will stop right after it starts because the mutation produces a stop codon.
300
What best describes this mutation and its effect on the protein that the gene produces?
A It is a missense mutation that changes exactly one amino acid.
B It is a nonsense mutation that has no effect on the protein.
C. It is a frameshift mutation that changes many amino acids.
D It is a frameshift mutation that changes exactly one amino acid.
C. It is a frameshift mutation that changes many amino acids.
300
Bacteria often become resistant to harmful agents much more quickly than plants or animals. Which of the following best explains why?
a) Bacteria reproduce through asexual reproduction, which allows them to reproduce more quickly than plants or animals.
b) Bacteria reproduce asexually, so their offspring are not changed by mutations.
c) Bacteria reproduce sexually, increasing the variation within their populations.
d) Bacteria have a protective covering that makes them instantly immune to harmful agents.
a) Bacteria reproduce through asexual reproduction, which allows them to reproduce more quickly than plants or animals.
300
Which conditions are necessary for natural selection to occur? Select three. (Hint: VISTA)
Inheritable adaptations vary among individuals.
The population size is increasing.
More individuals are born than can survive.
Fitness varies among individuals.
The environment changes suddenly and drastically.
1 Inheritable adaptations vary among individuals.
3 More individuals are born than can survive.
4 Fitness varies among individuals.
400
Suppose a cell had normal messenger RNA (mRNA) but no functioning transfer RNA (tRNA). How would this affect translation?
A. The cell would not be able to make mRNA or amino acids.
B. The cell would not be able to synthesize proteins because it would not be able to assemble ribosomes.
C. The cell would be able to carry instructions to ribosomes for coding proteins but would not be able to synthesize proteins.
D. The cell would be able to transcribe DNA to RNA but would not be able to carry instructions to ribosomes for coding proteins.
A. The cell would be able to make mRNA but would not be able to make amino acids.
400
A student determines the following amino acid sequences.
AGU UUA GCA ACG AGA UCA
UCG CUA GCG ACC AGU UCA
AGC CUC GCC ACU CGU AGU
AGU AAA GCA UUA CGU AUA
AUG CUC GGA UCA GGA UAU
UCC AGG GAU UUG GAC AGG
Part A
Which of the following explains how two different sequences of amino acids can code for the same protein?
A All the sequences that make up an amino acid are the same.
B Amino acids are able to exchange nitrogen bases with each other.
C Most amino acids have more than one codon sequence.
D Multiple amino acids all have the same nitrogen bases.
C Most amino acids have more than one codon sequence.
400
Given the codon CUU, a change to the third position ___ result in a mutation in the genetic code. The traits expressed would be ___ because any change to the codon will produce ___.
Choose the option that identifies the missing terms, in order of appearance in the sentences.
A would; different; asparagine
B might; different; phenylalanine
C would not; variable; leucine
D would not; identical; leucine
D would not; identical; leucine
400
How does natural selection of this population connect to evolution?
A) The gray mouse fur is more fit for the environment, so they survive to reproduce and the population evolves to be more gray.
B) Over time, this population will change to gray mice because they are the best at physically defending themselves against predators.
C) the gray mouse trait will become more common than the tan mouse trait because beneficial mutations help them to survive.
A) The gray mouse fur is more fit for the environment, so they survive to reproduce and the population evolves to be more gray.
400
Mutations are one way that genetic variation is introduced within a species.
Which of the following statements are false regarding mutations?
A Mutations that affect phenotype may affect fitness and natural selection of individuals that carry the mutation.
B Mutations that lower fitness by decreasing an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce affect natural selection.
C Mutations must occur in egg and sperm cells to be passed on to the next generation in order to affect evolution.
D Mutations must occur in body cells to be passed on to the next generation and affect evolution.
D Mutations must occur in body cells to be passed on to the next generation and affect evolution.
500
Velma is developing a computer model of translation. Her instructor points out that the model does not include ribosomes or ribosomal RNA.
If the model is accurate in other ways, how does the absence of ribosomes and ribosomal RNA affect it?
A Certain amino acids would be missing from the polypeptides.
B The polypeptides would be much longer than normal.
C Amino acids would be joined together in an incorrect order.
D. Amino acids would not join together, and no polypeptides would form.
D. Amino acids would not join together, and no polypeptides would form.
500
A student determines the following amino acid sequences.
AGU UUA GCA ACG AGA UCA
UCG CUA GCG ACC AGU UCA
AGC CUC GCC ACU CGU AGU
AGU AAA GCA UUA CGU AUA
AUG CUC GGA UCA GGA UAU
UCC AGG GAU UUG GAC AGG
Part B
Which of the amino acid sequences code for the same protein?
C and D
A and F
A and C
2. A and C
500
Normally, humans experience 1 mutation out of ever 10 million base pairs. However, this rate can increase drastically by which of the following?
A Mutagens in the environment, such as tobacco smoke and environmental pollutants
B Human cells that have especially large amounts of DNA
C The presence of transcription factors that control gene expression
D The presence of epigenetic factors that affect gene expression
A Mutagens in the environment, such as tobacco smoke and environmental pollutants
500
Explain the peppered moth story. Did the peppered moths evolve or not, and why?
•Before the Industrial Revolution, the light peppered moth was common, while the dark form was very rare. The light moths blended in with the light-colored trees. However, the Industrial Revolution changed the tree colors.
•Over time, the dark colored moths became the more common of the two color forms. Natural selection favored the dark individuals, so they were more successful after the trees changed
500
Which of the following sentences explain how genetic variation can be maintained? Select three.
A The bottleneck effect causes a change in allele frequency in a population after a natural disaster.
B Restricted gene flow allows a population of genes to remain isolated in a particular population.
C Crossing-over causes a shuffling of allele combinations during meiosis
D During mitosis in eukaryotes, the sister chromatids are separated and distributed to two daughter cells.
A The bottleneck effect causes a change in allele frequency in a population after a natural disaster.
B Restricted gene flow allows a population of genes to remain isolated in a particular population.
C Crossing-over causes a shuffling of allele combinations during meiosis