Learning Theories
What key addition does Social Learning Theory have that Differential Association doesn't?
Reinforcement
Gottfredson & Hirschi say development of impulsivity starts at what age?
10
Terrie Moffitt describes 2 types of offenders - what are they?
Adolescent Limited, Life Course Persistent
Name 2 rewards for a kid committing a robbery or burglary.
Money/objects, excitement/risk, respect from friends, etc.
Routine Activities Theory was created to explain crime increases after what time period?
World War II
People learn more from relationships that have greater...
Priority, duration, frequency, and intensity
Investment of time in school is an example of what essential element of social control theory
Commitment
Sampson & Laub identified a number of turning points in stopping criminal behaviors - name at least 2.
Education, Marriage, Job, Military Service
Name 2 risks of a youth committing a robbery/burglary.
Arrest, missing work/school, fines, disrespect from friends, etc.
Critiques of social disorganization include the fact it is only really relevant for cities located where?
American cities
What are the two types of families according to the Code of the Street?
If you really love and respect your teacher so you don't commit crime, what essential element of social bond theory are you expressing?
Attachment
What part of the brain controls personality and decision making?
Prefrontal cortex
Name 1 of the 3 major types of strain.
Loss of something of value, being treated adversely or negatively, being unable to achieve goals
Social disorganization has three pieces to it, often, name at least 2.
Poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential turnover/instability
When youth are able to move back and forth with behaviors in Code of the Street, this is known as...
Codeswitching
Besides impulsivity, name one other personality trait involved in low self-control?
Simple tasks, risk seeking, physical activities, self-centered, bad temper
Adverse Childhood Experiences impact development in what ways?
Hormones, brain chemistry, brain development, health risks, damage to nervous system, low heart rate, physiology changes
Explain how strain can reduce social control/social bonds?
Abusive parents, insensitive teachers, bad grades, unemployed, fired from a job unfairly
Routine activities require what 3 things to converge?
Suitable target, motivated offender, absence of capable guardians
In the Interrupters, the VIs are able to reinforce these changes because they are ________ in these communities.
What food has been used to test impulsivity in children?
Marshmallows
Who had a pole go through his head and survived?
Phineus Gage
According to Cohen, how do strains lead to gangs?
Poorer boys were blocked from accessing societal goals -- easier to break rules to achieve goals as a group
There are two elements essential to collective efficacy - what are they?