Bilingualism
A hypothesis claiming that bilinguals have better executive control than monolinguals.
What is the Bilingual Advantage Hypothesis?
Handshape, location, orientation, and movement all belong to this 'tier' of sign language.
What is the phonology of sign language?
Another cognitive ability that is closely related to language and that individuals with Williams Syndrome are often very good at.
What is music?
The linguistic 'level' that Friederici's model summarizing violation studies is about.
What is syntax?
The EEG component related to lexical access and affected by, e.g., semantic surprisal.
What is the N400?
A term used to describe a situation where a bilingual converses with a similarly bilingual person and where switching can thus take place voluntarily.
What is a dense code-switching context?
Signers with impairments in this part of the left hemisphere performed worse on linguistic tasks than signers with impairments in other parts of the left hemisphere.
What is the temporal lobe?
The chromosome from which approx. 20-25 genes have been deleted in individuals with Williams Syndrome.
What is chromosome 7?
A theory of language processing in which all individual words are saved in a mental lexicon.
What is the storage theory?
The type of sentences contrasted by Stromswold et al. in their classic study implicating Broca's area in syntactic processing.
What are center-embedded and right-branching sentences (alt: object and subject relatives)?
A term describing the situation where a bilingual converses with two people that each speak only one of the bilingual's languages, and where switching languages is therefore forced.
What is a dual language context?
The case study of WL, a congenitally deaf signer with a lesion in the left hemisphere, showed a dissociation between language and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX.
What is spatial cognition?
The gene responsible for SLI in the KE family.
What is FOXP2?
The term describing the interval between the onset of a prime and a target.
What is Stimulus Onset Asynchrony?
The approximate timing of vmPFC activity during basic composition (for comprehension).
What is approx. 400 ms?
This is the effortful part of code-switching (when considering code-switching in ecologically valid settings).
What is turning a language OFF?
The case study of WL, a congenitally deaf signer with a lesion in the left hemisphere, showed a dissociation between signs and XXXXXXXX.
What are gestures?
An example of a cognitive ability that dissociates from language based on the cognitive profile of individuals with Williams Syndrome.
What are:
1. Spatial cognition?
2. Math?
3. Motor skills?
A type of semantic reinterpretation in sentences like "The author began the article" for which the vmPFC exhibits differential activation.
What is coercion?
The other and today more frequently used term for Specific Language Disorder.
What is Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)?
The reason some people have hypothesized bilinguals to have better executive control.
What is the fact that bilinguals 'exercise' their executive control functions more by frequently switching from one language to another?
Name at least two reasons why it is hard to study sign language.
What are, for example:
1. That it is difficult to recruit (monolingual) signers?
2. That visual stimuli in sign languages are very different from any visual or auditory stimuli in spoken languages?
3. That the articulators (the hands) might create many artefacts in, e.g., an MEG recording?
The two things we would need to do to establish that a neural mechanism is, for example, language specific.
What are:
1. To show that it responds to some linguistic stimulus?
2. To show that it does not respond to any non-linguistic stimulus?
A type of subconscious 'activity' that may be an alternative explanation for increased activity in Broca's area during the comprehension of syntactically complex sentences.
What is articulatory rehearsal?
This is the timing of the ELAN (early left anterior negativity).
What is 150-200ms?