Bilingualism
A hypothesis claiming that bilinguals have better executive control than monolinguals.
What is the Bilingual Advantage Hypothesis?
Handshape, location, orientation, and movement all belong to this 'tier' of sign language.
What is the phonology of sign language?
Another cognitive ability that is closely related to language and that individuals with Williams Syndrome are often very good at.
What is music?
A paradigm in which two words are presented to a participant but only one word is consciously perceived due to very brief intervals between the two words.
What is the masked priming paradigm?
The EEG component related to lexical access and affected by, e.g., semantic surprisal.
What is the N400?
A term used to describe a situation where a bilingual converses with a similarly bilingual person and where switching can thus take place voluntarily.
What is a dense code-switching context?
Signers with impairments in this part of the left hemisphere performed worse on linguistic tasks than signers with impairments in other parts of the left hemisphere.
What is the temporal lobe?
The chromosome from which approx. 20-25 genes have been deleted in individuals with Williams Syndrome.
What is chromosome 7?
The MEG component related to lexical access and affected by, e.g., semantic surprisal.
What is the M350?
A theory of language processing in which all individual words are saved in a mental lexicon.
What is the storage theory?
A term describing the situation where a bilingual converses with two people that each speak only one of the bilingual's languages, and where switching languages is therefore forced.
What is a dual language context?
The case study of WL, a congenitally deaf signer with a lesion in the left hemisphere, showed a dissociation between language and XXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX.
What is spatial cognition?
The gene responsible for SLI in the KE family.
What is FOXP2?
Rastle et al. (2000) found this to be the type of relation between morphologically related words.
What is an identity relation?
The branch of studies that Friederici's model is based on.
What are violation studies?
This is the effortful part of code-switching (when considering code-switching in ecologically valid settings).
What is turning a language OFF?
The case study of WL, a congenitally deaf signer with a lesion in the left hemisphere, showed a dissociation between signs and XXXXXXXX.
What are gestures?
An example of a cognitive ability that dissociates from language based on the cognitive profile of individuals with Williams Syndrome.
What are:
1. Spatial cognition?
2. Math?
3. Motor skills?
The EEG component that is sensitive to case and agreement violations.
What is the LAN (left anterior negativity)?
The interval between the onset of a prime and a target.
What is Stimulus Onset Asynchrony?
The reason some people have hypothesized bilinguals to have better executive control.
What is the fact that bilinguals 'exercise' their executive control functions more by frequently switching from one language to another?
Name at least two reasons why it is hard to study sign language.
What are, for example:
1. That it is difficult to recruit (monolingual) signers?
2. That visual stimuli in sign languages are very different from any visual or auditory stimuli in spoken languages?
3. That the articulators (the hands) might create many artefacts in, e.g., an MEG recording?
The two things we would need to do to establish that a neural mechanism is, for example, language specific.
What are:
1. To show that it responds to some linguistic stimulus?
2. To show that it does not respond to any non-linguistic stimulus?
The electrophysiological component in which we see the first evidence of morphological processing.
What is the M170?
The type of violation reflected by the P600.
What are reanalyses of sentences in, e.g., garden path sentences?