Research 1
If an intelligence test is valid in measuring intelligence, it would be said to have which kind of validity?
a. Content Validity
b. Construct Validity
c. Concurrent Validity
d. Predictive Validity
WHAT IS...
Construct Validity
Construct validity is how well a test/tool measures the construct, such as intelligence or self-esteem.
What does standard deviation measure?
WHAT IS...
How much the data varies from the mean.
A counselor conducting program evaluation should focus on:
a. The counselor's personal opinions about the program
b. The program's adherence to theoretical orientations
c. Assessing the program's effectiveness in achieving its goals
d. Ignoring the feedback from program participants
WHAT IS...
Assessing the program's effectiveness in achieving its goals
When analyzing qualitative data, which method is most commonly used to identify recurring themes or patterns?
a. Factor analysis
b. Thematic analysis
c. Regression analysis
d. T-test
WHAT IS...
Thematic analysis
Which of the following is true about the ethical considerations when conducting research in counseling?
a. Informed consent is optional for participants as long as they understand the study.
b. Participants must always be debriefed after the study is completed.
c. Confidentiality is not required as long as the research is for educational purposes.
d. Counselors conducting research should not engage in any form of deception, except when necessary.
WHAT IS...
Participants must always be debriefed after the study is completed.
The primary purpose of a control group in experimental research is to:
a. Ensure that the research participants are diverse
b. Eliminate the need for random assignment
c. Provide a comparison to assess the effects of the independent variable
d. Increase the external validity of the study
WHAT IS...
Provide a comparison to assess the effects of the independent variable
Qualitative research is characterized by:
a. The use of statistical analyses to interpret data
b. A focus on understanding the meaning and context of phenomena
c. An emphasis on experimental designs and control groups
d. The exclusion of subjective experiences and narratives
WHAT IS...
A focus on understanding the meaning and context of phenomena
What is the main purpose of a needs assessment in program evaluation?
a. To determine the effectiveness of a program after it has been implemented
b. To assess the financial resources required to run a program
c. To identify the needs of the population that a program is designed to serve
d. To evaluate the behavior of clients participating in the program
WHAT IS...
To identify the needs of the population that a program is designed to serve
Which of the following statistical tests is most appropriate for comparing the means of two independent groups in a counseling study?
a. Chi-square test
b. Pearson’s correlation
c. Independent samples t-test
d. Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
WHAT IS...
Independent samples t-test
Which of the following is a fundamental ethical principle when conducting research in counseling?
a. Ensuring participants' participation is voluntary
b. Guaranteeing that the research results will always benefit the participants
c. Using deception to make the research more interesting
d. Sharing participants' data with other researchers without consent
WHAT IS...
Ensuring participants' participation is voluntary
WHAT IS...
False!
Measures of central tendency include mean, median, and mode.
True or False: The mean is the most potent measure of central tendency except when data is skewed.
WHAT IS...
True!
Which of the following is an important ethical consideration when conducting program evaluation in counseling?
a. Ensuring that all participants in the program are aware that their participation in the evaluation is voluntary
b. Reporting only positive outcomes of the program to avoid negative publicity
c. Using the evaluation results to punish counselors who are not performing well
d. Disclosing the names and personal information of participants in the final evaluation report
WHAT IS...
Ensuring that all participants in the program are aware that their participation in the evaluation is voluntary
A counselor is interested in determining whether there is a relationship between self-esteem and career satisfaction among young adults. Which statistical method should the counselor use?
a. Multiple regression analysis
b. Chi-square test
c. Pearson’s correlation
d. Independent samples t-test
WHAT IS...
Pearson’s correlation
A counselor researcher is conducting a study on adolescents and decides to use a survey that includes sensitive questions. What should the researcher do to ensure ethical standards are met?
a. Use the survey without parental consent since adolescents are the target group
b. Ensure that the survey is anonymous and explain to participants the sensitivity of the questions
c. Only ask questions that are non-sensitive to avoid any ethical concerns
d. Use deception to ensure participants do not know the nature of the sensitive questions
WHAT IS...
Ensure that the survey is anonymous and explain to participants the sensitivity of the questions
What is the best measure of variability?
WHAT IS...
Standard Deviation
Reliability in research refers to...
WHAT IS...
The consistency and stability of measurement over time
A counseling program seeks to improve participants' self-esteem. After the program ends, participants' self-esteem scores are measured. Which of the following describes this type of evaluation?
a. Formative evaluation
b. Impact evaluation
c. Outcome evaluation
d. Process evaluation
WHAT IS...
Outcome evaluation
Which of the following is a characteristic of the chi-square test?
a. It is used for continuous data only
b. It assesses the relationship between two categorical variables
c. It is used to compare means between two independent groups
d. It is used to test the strength of a linear relationship between variables
WHAT IS...
Assesses the relationship between two categorical variables
Which of the following best describes the ethical principle of justice in counseling research?
a. Researchers should ensure participants' information is kept confidential
b. Researchers should ensure that all participants have an equal chance to participate and benefit from the research
c. Researchers should provide clear and honest information to participants
d. Researchers should minimize the risk of harm to participants
WHAT IS...
Researchers should ensure that all participants have an equal chance to participate and benefit from the research
A counselor engaging in outcome research should:
a. Exclude clients with complex issues to simplify the study
b. Collaborate with other researchers to increase the sample size
c. Focus on internal validity at the expense of external validity
d. Use standardized measures to assess the outcomes of counseling
WHAT IS...
Use standardized measures to assess the outcomes of counseling
Which type of sampling involves selecting participants based on their availability and willingness to participate?
a. Stratified random sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Snowball sampling
WHAT IS...
Convenience sampling
Which of the following is an example of process evaluation in program evaluation?
a. Assessing whether participants' anxiety levels decreased after completing the program
b. Determining whether the program is being implemented as planned
c. Measuring how much the program reduced social isolation in participants
d. Evaluating the long-term impacts of the program on participants' mental health
WHAT IS...
Determining whether the program is being implemented as planned
Which of the following statistical tests is used to examine the relationship between two categorical variables, such as gender and choice of counseling method?
a. Pearson’s correlation
b. Independent samples t-test
c. Chi-square test for independence
d. One-way ANOVA
WHAT IS...
Chi-square test for independence
A counselor researcher is conducting a study on substance use among adolescents. The researcher promises confidentiality but later needs to report information about drug use to authorities. What should the researcher do?
a. Keep the information confidential, as that is a higher ethical priority than legal requirements
b. Notify participants beforehand that this could occur, and explain the limits of confidentiality
c. Immediately report the information without telling the participants
d. Ignore legal requirements to protect the participants' confidentiality
WHAT IS...
Notify participants beforehand that this could occur, and explain the limits of confidentiality