General Chemistry
Avogadro's number
What is 6.02(214) x 1023?
Arguably the most popular chemical group in organic chemistry, these molecules have the general formula ROH, with the functional group -OH referred to as a hydroxyl group
What are alcohols?
With a molecular formula of C6H12O6, this monosaccharide is used for fuel by all cells of the body
What is glucose?
The eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's chromosomes (DNA)
What is the nucleus?
The rate of change in the displacement of an object; measured in meters per second (m/s)
What is velocity?
The molecular formula of sulphuric acid
What is H2SO4?
"Nucleus-loving" chemical species with either lone pairs or pi bonds that can be used to form new bonds with other molecules; also known as Lewis bases
What are nucleophiles?
One of the two base pairs found in DNA
What are adenine-thymine (A-T) or guanine-cytosine (G-C)?
The simple diffusion of water
What is osmosis?
This law states that any acceleration is the result of the sum of the forces acting on the object and its mass (F = ma)
What is Newton's second law?
The approximate density of water at room temperature
What is one gram per milliliter (1 g/mL)?
These compounds have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms
What are stereoisomers?
A common biochemistry lab method utilized to separate proteins based on molecular weight, this analytical technique uses a gel matrix and a chemical known as sodium dodecyl sulfate
What is SDS-PAGE?
One of the four valves of the heart
What are the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves?
This famous law relates voltage, current, and resistance for a given circuit element (V = IR)
What is Ohm's law?
A reaction that results in a net gain of electrons, which decreases an atom's oxidation number
What is reduction?
By calculating this number, we can tell from the molecular formula how many pi bonds and rings are present in a molecule
What is the index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) or degree of unsaturation?
The Na+/K+ ATPase pump - for every 1 ATP molecule - pumps this many sodium ions out of the cell and this many potassium ions into the cell
What are three sodium ions and two potassium ions?
The pineal gland secretes this hormone, a molecule that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and can be synthesized in the body from serotonin
What is melatonin?
This law states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time (ΔSuniv > 0)
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
(Daily Double!!)
This law states that at constant temperature, the volume of a gaseous sample is inversely proportional to its pressure
(P1V1 = P2V2)
What is Boyle's law?
This tautomer of a carbonyl keto form contains a carbon-carbon double bond and an alcohol group
What is an enol?
The amino acid coded by the start codon during mRNA translation in eukaryotes (in other words, the first amino acid of every protein)
What is methionine?
This value, denoted as
h = 6.626 x 10-34 m2 kg/s, relates a photon's energy to its frequency (E = hf)
What is Planck's constant?