Proximal Tubule
The percentage of reabsorption that happens in the proximal tubule.
What is 65% (bulk reabsorption)?
The LOH that is permeable to water, and the LOH that is not.
What is
DLOH - permeable
ALOH - non-permeable
The cells that depend on the Na/K ATPase in the basolateral membrane. NaCl, water reabsorption and K+ secretion.
What are principal cells?
The difference between filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.
What is:
Filtration - substances that pass through the glomerulus, forming the initial filtrate
Secretion - metabolic products the diffuse/move directly into the nephron ducts, from the blood
Reabsorption - nutrients diffusing/being absorbed from filtrate back into blood
The drug type and specific drug you would use if current renal drug causes hypokalemia.
What is aldosterone antagonist - spironolactone?
The transport process of glucose, and the process that provides the energy.
What is sodium/glucose channels, and secondary active transport?
The purpose of Urea recycling.
What is the goal of saving NaCl, urea replaces the increased need of NaCl in the medulla, allowing for better use elsewhere in the body.
The difference between Alpha and beta intercalated cells.
What is:
alpha - secrete hydrogren, reabsorb bicarb
beta - secrete bicarb, reabsorb hydrogen and chloride.
What is:
Afferent Dilation: increased GFR
Constriction: decreased GFR
Efferent Dilation: decreased GFR
moderate constriction: increased GFR
severe constriction: decreased GFR
The drug class, and drug that you would use if you had a dog that came into the clinic with increased CSF pressure or cerebral edema.
What is osmotic diuretics - mannitol?
The breed that suffers a genetic disorder that limits their capacity to transport uric acid from the renal tubular lumen to the blood.
What is the dalmation?
The direction of osmolarity from descending to ascending loop of henle.
What is same osmolarity (isomolar) as plasma leaving proximal tubule, as the filtrate goes down the descending loop, it becomes hypermolar, then as it ascends it becomes hypomolar.
** Why does this happen? (hint: our queen, the LOML)
what the lack of ADH or lack of response to ADH is the cause of.
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
The definitions of GHP, GCOP, CHP and their physiological relation.
What is:
GHP (Glomerular hydrostatic pressure) - related to blood pressure.
GCOP (Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure) - related to plasma proteins
CHP (Capsular hydrostatic pressure) - hydrostatic pressure in the bowman's capsule.
What is loop diuretics - furosemide?
The transport mechanism for fCa++, fMg++, and PO4-
What is:
fCa++ and fMg++ : paracellular
PO4- : transcellular
The purpose and function of the countercurrent mechanism.
What is to reabsorb the remaining water and solutes from the filtrate, by recycling urea and creating a strong concentration gradient in the medulla.
** Macula densa cells, our queen**
The driving force for paracellular reabsorption of chloride.
What is the electrochemical gradient: the reabsorption of sodium that generates a negative luminal voltage across the late distal tubule and collecting duct?
What is
Canine: > 1.030
Feline: > 1.040
LA: > 1.025
The locations of the nephron that each drug class acts upon.
What is:
PT - Carbonic anhydrase and Osmotic diuretics (DLOH as well)
LOH - Loop diuretics
DT - Thiazides
CT - Mineralocorticoid antagonists
This multi-step process begins with glutamine metabolism leading to bicarb reabsorption, and ammonium excretion. This explains how the Na+/H+ antiporter plays a role in H+ secretion, and how it contributes to acid-base homeostasis.
What is the excretion of H+ via NH4+ generation from glutamine metabolism?
The part of the loop of henle that is improperly functioning if the USG is 1.001.
What is the descending LOH?
The role of ADH and the cells.
What is an increased medulla osmolarity that stimulates the release of ADH, which in return causes the expression and translocation of the aquaporins 2 that promote the reabsorption of water?
The substances that increase/over estimate a USG and the values/amount it increases it.
What are:
Glucose - 3+ adds 0.004 - 0.005
4+ adds 0.008 - 0.010
Proteins - 4+ adds 0.003 - 0.005
The drug type and specific drug that is contraindicated in patients with severe renal disease and electrolyte imbalances.
What is Thiazides - Chlorothiazide?