Pathophysiology
This part of the nephron is primarily affected in nephrotic syndrome.
What are the podocytes?
This characteristic urine feature is caused by lipiduria.
caused by lipiduria.What is frothy urine?
This is the first-line empiric treatment for minimal change disease.
What is oral prednisone?
On light microscopy, minimal change disease shows this finding.
What is normal glomeruli (no visible changes)?
This is the functional filtration unit of the kidney.
What is the nephron?
Nephrotic syndrome leads to this type of protein loss in the urine per day.
What is >3.5 g/day (massive proteinuria)?
Common edema symptom seen in children with MCD.
What is periorbital edema?
Prednisone helps in MCD by suppressing this immune-related process.
What is T-cell–mediated podocyte injury?
This is the hallmark electron microscopy finding in minimal change disease.
What is effacement of podocyte foot processes?
These 3 structures make up the glomerular filtration barrier.
What are endothelial cells, basement membrane, and podocytes?
The loss of this coagulation inhibitor increases the risk of thrombosis.
What is antithrombin III?
This lab finding, seen on urinalysis, is composed of lipids.
What are fatty casts?
Tapering steroids helps prevent this form of adrenal dysfunction.
What is HPA axis suppression?
Immunofluorescence in MCD shows this result.
What is negative (no immune deposits)?
This part of the nephron receives the filtrate after glomerular filtration.
What is Bowman’s capsule?
Edema in nephrotic syndrome occurs due to loss of this plasma protein.
What is albumin?
This serum finding is elevated as a compensatory hepatic response.
What is serum cholesterol/hyperlipidemia?
A renal biopsy should be considered if the patient shows this response to steroids.
What is steroid resistance?
This term describes the merging or flattening of podocyte foot processes.
What is effacement?
This capillary network performs filtration in the nephron.
What is the glomerulus?
This liver compensation mechanism leads to hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome.
What is increased hepatic lipoprotein synthesis?
In minimal change disease, blood pressure is usually in this range.
What is normal or mildly elevated?
Name 2 long-term complications of glucocorticoid therapy.
What are growth suppression, osteoporosis, Cushingoid features, hyperglycemia, or infections?
The appearance of “Maltese cross” under polarized light is caused by this substance.
What are lipid droplets in urinary casts?
The selectivity of the glomerular filtration barrier is based on these two molecular properties.
What are size and charge?