cranial nerves
What nerve provides taste sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Facial nerve
Within the dorsal columns, which tract conveys sensory information from the lower limb?
Fasciculus gracilis
What connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
What three anatomical parts make up the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
The ICA enters the Circle of Willis and gives rise to which arteries?
A patient presents with an inability to abduct the right eye. Which nerve is likely affected?
Abducens nerve
Which tract carries voluntary motor commands from the precentral gyrus down to the lower motor neurons of the spinal nerves? Be specific.
Lateral corticospinal tract
Through which apertures does CSF exit the fourth ventricle to circulate with the subarachnoid space?
Foramina of Luschka (lateral) and foramina of Magendie (median)
On which cerebral gyrus is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
Postcentral gyrus
Which vessels are involved in a subdural haemmorhage?
Bridging veins
A mass compressing the superior orbital fissure would affect which cranial nerves?
Occulomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic division of the trigeminal and abducens
The rubrospinal tract originates in which structure of the midbrain?
Red nucleus
The inferior sagittal sinus joins with the great cerebral vein to drain directly into which dural venous sinus?
Straight sinus
Which functional zone of the cerebellum is responsible for regulating movement and real-time error correction?
Spinocerebellum (consists of vermis and intermediate zone)
A patient presents with contralateral weakness and sensory loss in the face and arm. Occlusion of which cerebral artery causes this stroke?
MCA
All intrinsic and extrinsic lingual muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve, except which muscle? (And which nerve innervates this instead?)
Palatoglossal muscle (vagus nerve)
Which spinal tracts carry unconscious proprioceptive information directly from peripheral mechanoreceptors to the cerebellum?
dorsal and ventral cerebellar tracts
Tearing of bridging veins causes blood to pool between which meningeal layers?
Dura mater and arachnoid mater
Which cerebellar peduncle carries most output from the cerebellum?
Superior peduncle
Increased ICP can force which inferior part of the cerebellar hemisphere through the foramen magnum?
Cerebellar tonsils
A patient with a PICA infarct presents with dysphagia, hoarseness, and an absent gag reflex. Which cranial nerves are affected?
Glossopharyngeal and vagus
Following a spinal injury at T10, sensory testing reveals absent pain and temperature sensation on the right side from T12 down, while vibration and proprioception are completely absent on the left leg. Which specific tract is affected to cause right-sided pain loss, and which tract causes the left-sided proprioceptive deficit?
Left lateral spinothalamic tract, and left dorsal column
A hemispheric mass pushes the cingulate gyrus beneath the falx cerebri, producing a midline shift. Deviation of which midline landmark is measured to quantify the shift?
Septum pellucidum
Which secondary brain vesicle gives rise to the pons and cerebellum, and which gives rise to the medulla oblongata?
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
Occlusion of which deep penetrating arteries of the MCA will cause a pure motor lacunar stroke?
Lenticulostriate arteries