Nerves
Neuron
What is the term for a nerve cell?
The brain & spinal cord
What is the command & control centre of the nervous system?/information processing & integrating/coordinating movements, processing sensory information/controlling bodily functions
What are the main components/parts of the central nervous system?
Which structures are protected by the bones of the skull and vertebral column?
Photoreceptors
What type of sensory receptors detect light?
What are the rods (night vision, B&W) and cones (colour) in the retina collectively known as?
Which receptors in the retina are essential for colour and low-light vision
Equalises air pressure on both sides of the eardrum
What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
Gustation
What is the sense of taste?
Mixed Nerves
What are nerves that carry both sensory and motor fibres?
The nervous system division responsible for 'Fight or Flight'
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System
Refracts and focusses light entering the eye
What is the cornea?
Maintaining balance
What is the function of the vestibular system in the inner ear?
Semicircular canals: detect rotational movements of the head - each canal filled with endolymph, has motion sensor hair cells. When you turn your head, the fluid moves, bending the hair cells, and sending signals to your brain about the direction and speed of rotation).
Otolith Organs (Utricle & Saccule): detect linear movements and effects of gravity > contain crystals that shift when you move, tilting the hair cells, and sending information to your brain about your head’s position relative to gravity.
In papillae of the tongue
Where are gustatory receptors found?
Where are tastebuds found?
Two types of motor neurons
What are somatic motor neurons (transmit to skeletal muscles - control voluntary responses)
and what are autonomic motor neurons (transmit to cardiac & smooth muscles & glands - control involuntary responses)
Is a shock absorber, provides anti-bacterial effects, and transports nutrients to and waste away from the CNS
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
The tapetum lucidum
What is the specialised reflective layer located between the retina and the choroid that gives animals' eyes a glowing appearance in the dark?
Improves vision in low-light and night conditions.
Cochlea
What part of the inner ear is responsible for converting sound vibrations/waves into neural signals/ contains the organ of Corti (organ for hearing)?
Which structure in the ear is primarily involved in the process of hearing and is shaped like a snail shell?
Name for the nerve that transport smell/odour information to the brain?
What is the olfactory nerve?
What is the cranial nerve 1?
Cells that support & protect neurons
Glial cells
Movement coordination
What is the function of the cerebellum?
(Balance & posture, fine-tune motor activity)
The path of light through the eye
Cornea > Aqueous Humor > Pupil (opening in the center of the Iris > Lens (focuses light rays onto retina) > Vitreous Humor > Retina (photoreceptors convert light into electrical signals) > Optic nerve
Horizontal, vertical, transverse
What are the names of the three semicircular canals in the inner ear that detect rotational movements of the head?
What are the three different planes of orientation that correspond to the positioning of the semicircular canals within the ear.
The term for the type of sensory receptors that detect taste & smell.
What are chemoreceptors?
(chemoreceptors of the microvilli of tastebuds detect chemicals dissolved in saliva)
(olfactory epithelium detects air molecules dissolve in mucous inside the nose > send signals to the brain, which interprets them as different smells
Afferent nerves
What are the nerves that carry sensory info from body to CNS - e.g., sensory nerves detecting pain
(Efferent - carry motor commands from CNS to muscles and glands - e.g. motor nerves initiating muscle contraction)
The Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for conserving energy/ ‘rest and digest’ activities, e.g. slowing HR, and increasing intestinal and gland activity.
Accommodation
Term for the process of how the lens adjusts for far and near vision.
(Far vision: ciliary muscles relax, lens becomes thinner & flatter)
(Near vision: ciliary muscles contract, lens becomes rounder & thicker)
Auditory transduction (sequence of steps through which sound waves are transformed into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain)
What is the process called where sound waves are enhanced through the outer ear, ear canal, eardrum, ossicles, and cochlea, before being converted into electrical signals for the brain?
Sound waves outer ear > ear canal > eardrum vibrates > transfers to ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) > amplify sound vibrations > stapes knock on oval window > transfers amplified vibrations to cochlea> converts vibrations into electrical signals > auditory nerve carries to the brain
The Vomeronasal organ
What is the name of the specialised sensory organ found in the roof of the mouth in many mammals that is responsible for detecting pheromones (key role in social & repro behavior)/Flehmen resopnse.