Name that Neurotransmitter
Huntington's
(increase or decrease)
Decrease in GABA
What is another name for ALS?
Lou Gehrig's disease
What is the number 1 risk factor for stroke?
Uncontrolled hypertension
What is the single most critical indicator of nervous system function?
Level of consciousness
What acid-base imbalance is involved in seizures
metabolic acidosis
Multiple Sclerosis
autoimmune
cause: epstein barr virus
progressive inflammation and demyelination of fibers in the CNS
What are the 5 losses with dementia
orientation
memory: recent and remote
language
judgement
decision-making
Which type of stroke can be seen on a CT scan?
hemorrhagic!
What is Guillian-Barre?
inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein Barr virus
non-degenerative; you can recover
ascending motor paralysis!!
What is the difference between an aura & prodrome
aura: sensation before a seizure
prodroma: feelings of malaise, headache, or depression hours to days before a seizure
Parkinson's
(increase or decrease?)
Decrease in dopamine!
Name the 5 A's of Alzheimer's
Anomia: names
Apraxia: objects (use)
Agnosia: objects (identify)
Amnesia: memory loss
Aphasia: speech
List causes and/or risk factors for thrombotic and embolic ischemic strokes
thrombotic: arterial occlusions resulting from plaque buildup
embolic: A-fib, recent MI, prosthetic valveDescribe a coup and countercoup injury
Site of impact – coup
Brain striking the skull - countercoup
What is the postictal phase?
immediately after seizure- confusion, unconsciousness, loss of bladder function common
Alzheimer's
(Increase or decrease?)
Decrease in acetylcholine
List the levels of altered consciousness in order
confusion
disorientation
lethergy
obtunded
stupor
coma
What is a lacunar stroke? is it considered ischemic or hemorrhagic?
Ischemic
Occlusion of a single perforating artery producing small ischemic lesions often in the basal ganglia (the deeper portion of the brain)
What is cerebral death? Locked-in syndrome vs Vegetative state
irreversible cessation of function of cerebrum
locked-in: cognition intact; complete paralysis
vegetative: complete loss of cognitive function
What is an atonic seizure?
"drop attack"
muscles suddenly lose strength
personal usually remains conscious
Myasthenia Gravis
autoimmune
IgG antibody opposes acetylcholine so there is no depolarization of nerves
List criteria for total brain death
Completion of all appropriate and therapeutic procedures
Unresponsive coma (absence of motor and reflex responses)
No spontaneous respirations (apnea)
No ocular responses: fixed, no corneal reflex
Isoelectric (“flat”) EEG
Persistence of these symptoms 6 to 12 hours after onset
What is a transient ischemic attack?
Sx of CVA lasting less than 24 hours (Peel says less than 1 hour)
with no residual symptoms
What is the Doll's eye test?
normal: eyes turn together to side opposite from turn of head
abnormal: eyes do not turn in conjugate manner
absent: eyes move in the direction of head movement, indicating brainstem injury
What is a myoclonic seizure?
brief shock-like jerks; usually awake and alert