Stem
Which cranial nerves do NOT have nuclei in the brainstem
I (Olfactory) and II (Optic)
What are the major branches of the Vertebral arteries?
posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), Anterior spinal artery (ASA), give rise to basilar artery
Behavior and emotions in left hemisphere normally and if lesion is present
Normally: provides impulse. Lesion: cautious, hesitant to try new tasks
which reflex does not involve interneurons
monosynaptic phasic stretch reflex
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?
L1-L2
what is the function of the internal capsule, what limbs are there
provides passage to ascending and descending fibers running to and from the cerebral cortex, anterior and posterior limbs
What branches make up the Circle of Willis?
Posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communicating arteries, internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, anterior communicating artery
Compare and contrast the function and innervation of motor and sensory to:
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
Muscle spindles:
Sensory: one or more sensory endings, both group Ia and group II afferent fibers
Motor: innervated by myelinated afferent nerve fibers
Golgi tendon organs:
Sensory: innervated by a single myelinated Ib afferent
Motor: lie in series with the extrafusal fibers and receive no motor innervation
lesion to visual association cortex
inability to recognize faces, bodies, words
What do the alar and basal plates eventually become?
alar: sensory neurons, basal: motor neruons
Lesion to Wernicke's area
Fluent aphasia, speech normal but makes little sense
What would happen if there was a lesion to the ASA?
ischemia of the ventral two thirds of the spinal cord, with signs and symptoms exhibited below the level of the lesion. Primary motor and sensory cortices of the lower limbs, anterior limb of the internal capsule, corpus callosum, Contralateral leg hemisensory loss, contralateral leg hemiparesis-apraxia b/l = motor inaction, b/l = apathy, abulia(akinetic muteness), urinary incontinence
lesion to temporal/parietal association cortex
spatial neglect, inability to navigate, personal neglect
lesion in temporal association cortex
impaired language comprehension
Why is the fasciculus cuneatus not present in the lumbar or sacral spinal cord?
fasciculus cuneatus contains axons from upper trunk and arms carrying sensory information, sense the lumbar and sacrum are below this area, there is no need for it
Behavior and emotions in right hemisphere normally and if lesion is present
Normally: provides caution, Lesion: impulsive, over estimates abilities, confabulations (neuropsychiatric disorder wherein a patient generates a false memory without the intention of deceit.)
Lateral Medullary lesion "Wallenberg Syndrome"
(PICA or vertebral artery)
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature in body, sometimes face-Contralateral dorsal column medial lemniscus (DCML) sensation UE, trunk, or LE-Ipsilateral loss of pain and temp inface-ipsilateral ataxia, nystagmus, Vertigo, Nausea and vomiting, Difficulty with balance and ambulation, Difficulty maintaining sitting posture, Blurry vision, Horizontal or rotational nystagmus, Crossed hemisensory disturbance, Ipsilateral reduction in facial pain & temperature sensation, Contralateral reduction in trunk pain & temperature sensation, Hoarseness, Poor gag reflex, Ataxia, both limb & gait, Dysphonia (difficulty with sound production), Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), Diplopia (double vision), Horner's syndrome (constricted pupil & drooping eyelid)
what is the function of the substantia nigra
Controlling subconscious muscle activities
lesion of primary sensory cortex
contralateral loss of tactile location and conscious proprioception
What structure does the neurocoele eventually develop into
ventricles and central canal
What do the primary vesicle subdivide into? (hint: there are 5 of these)
Prosencephalon (forebrain) becomes: Telencephalon (becomes cerebrum and basal ganglia) and Diencephalon (becomes thalamus and hypothalamus)
Mesencephalon becomes: midbrain
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) becomes: metencephalon (becomes pons and cerebellum), myencephalon (becomes medulla)
What would happen if there was a lesion to the PSA?
in a unilateral dorsal cord syndrome (since the posterior arteries are paired) 3. The syndrome is clinically characterized by isolated loss of proprioception and vibratory sensation
lesion of premotor area
apraxia (a disorder of the brain and nervous system in which a person is unable to perform tasks or movements when asked), perseveration (when someone "gets stuck" on a topic or an idea.)
Cognitive processing in right hemisphere normally and if lesion is present
Normally: holistic processing
Lesion: only focuses on details
Describe the development of dermatomes and myotomes.
dermatomes arise from somitic mesoderm, which develops from the middle layer of embryonic tissue lateral to the developing neural tube.
The mesoderm is segmented into somites, and within these the primary myotome forms by a complex series of cellular movements and migrations.