Taste & Smell
Taste buds are innervated by which cranial nerves?
CN VII, IX, X
Signals position and movement of the head
Vestibular Division
Intraocular pressure (normal is ~15mmHg)
Lower motor neurons leave CNS via _________ to target muscles.
Anterior/motor roots (associated with the ventral horn of the spinal cord)
6 structures of the Basal Nuclei and group striatum and lenticular nucelus.
Caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, putamen (Straitum)
Putamen, globus pallidus [internal and external] (Lenticular nucleus)
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra (compact and reticular parts)
Name the three types of papillae on the tongue and their location on the tongue
Fungiform (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
Foliate (posterior sides tongue)
Circumvallate (V-shaped formation on tongue in middle back)
Meniere's Disease causes swelling of the _______ and this causes degradation of _____.
membranous labyrinth, hair cells
Open-angle: fluid passing too slowly through meshwork
Closed- angle: iris bulges forward to block drainage
increase pressure leads to damage to optic nerve
Thin and contain an abundant amount of mitochondria, contract weakly and slowly but can sustain contraction for long periods.
Red fibers (type I)
Blood supply of the basal nuclei (5 arteries)
- Middle cerebral artery (striatum)
- anterior cerebral artery (nucleus accumbens & caudate nucleus)
- Anterior choroidal artery (Globus pallidus)
- posterior cerebral & posterior communicating arteries (Substantia nigra & subthalamic nucleus)
First relay station of taste afferents
Nucleus of the solitary tract in the Medulla
Major ascending auditory pathway of the brainstem lease impacted by anesthesia.
Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)
Retinal blood supply (2 terms and what they supply)
Choroidal circulation: supplies outer two layers
Central retinal artery: inner layers
Primary Motor cortex
(also included in corticospinal tract)
underlying cause of parkinson's disease
Destruction of nigrostriatal pathway (due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra).
Unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptors that end in the olfactory bulb to release what? (Name the structure and what they release)
Olfactory fila, release glutamate
Stabilizes head position as we walk around, coordinates head movements with eye movements.
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract
Three cone classes and a color example
Long wavelength (i.e. red)
Middle wavelength (i.e. green)
Short wavelength (i.e. blue)
Reflexive turning of head to visual stimuli:
(bonus is this upper or lower motor neurons)
Tectospinal tract in the upper motor neurons
Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder particularly severe in the ________.
Huntington's Disease severe in caudate nucleus.
True
Vertigo due to age or trauma can lead to detachment of otoconia, minute crystals, into ______
semicircular duct
Light directed into either eye, both pupils constrict
Pupillary light reflex
4 sign & symptoms of upper motor neuron damage
Flaccid paralysis
Clonus
Clasp-Knife effect
Spasticity
Staggering gait, general incoordination and, lower limb ataxia are examples of this
Midline damage in cerebellum called anterior lobe syndrome