Cranial Nerve
What is a lesion to the optic nerve result in
Anopia/ monocular blindness
What is the main function of the ANS
Maintain homeostasis
What cerebral hemisphere is language lateralized to
Left hemisphere lateralization (for right handed individuals)
Differentiate between declarative and procedural memory
Declarative - facts, events
Procedural - skills, habits
Define neuroplasticity
The ability of the nervous system to respond to stimuli by reorganizing its structure, function, and connections
What is the presentation of someone with a facial nerve lesion
Ipsilateral motor loss to ENTIRE face (Bell's Palsy)
What is the location of preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system
Lateral horns of T1-L3
What is the gold standard for assessing swallowing function
Barium swallow study
What are the 3 stages of learning motor skills
Cognitive, associative, autonomous
Compare and contrast compensation and recovery
Compensation - person has switched to a different means of accomplishing a task
What are the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic functions of the facial nerve
Motor: to muscles of facial expression, stapedius
Parasympathetic: to lacrimal glands
What glands/ tissues only have sympathetic innervation
Adrenal medulla, sweat glands, piloerector muscles, peripheral blood vessels
Something enters the lower airway without triggering coughing or gag reflex
Consequences - pneumonia, dehydration, malnutrition, respiratory tract infection, death
Differentiate between retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Retrograde - memory loss for events prior to trauma
Anterograde - inability to form new memories
What medications can stimulate neuroplasticity in CNS
d-amphetamine
Acetylcholine in stroke and Alzheimer's patients
List all 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory spinal, hypoglossal
What are the primary functions regulated by the hypothalamus
Digestion, body temperature control, circadian rhythm, feeding and reproduction
In what type of aphasia can the patient speak fluently but cannot comprehend or repeat speech
Wernicke's aphasia
Flat affect, hypersexuality, socially embarassing, loss of fear are due to damage of what structure
Amygdala
What are the 5 mechanisms of neural plasticity post cerebrum an spinal cord injuries
Neural shock resolution, denervation hypersensitivity, hyperinnervation, recruitment of silent synapses, collateral sprouting
Describe the patient presentation for a person with CN III lesion
Ipsilateral eye will deviate laterally and inferiorly due to weakness of medial rectus
Ptosis (droopy eyelid) due to loss of innervation to levator palpebrae m
Dilated pupil
Most common patient complaints and presentation: dizziness and double vision
What are main symptoms of Wallenberg's syndrome and what blood vessel is generally injured
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Differentiate aphasia from dysarthria
Aphasia - language disorder affecting the ability to understand or produce language
Dysarthria - motor speech disorder caused by muscle weakness
List the primary structures of the limbic system
Cingulate gyrus, subcallosal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampal formation, uncus, amygdala
What are the 10 principles of Exercise-Dependent Neural Plasticity
Use it or lose it, use it and improve it, specificity, repetition matters, intensity matters, time matters, salience matters, age matters, transference