Brainstem
What are the three major parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
What does the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) control?
Tongue movement
Which neurons do not leave the central nervous system?
Upper motor neurons
Which sensory tract senses fast pain?
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Which neurologic tests look at the ability to feel deep sensations?
Vibration, proprioception, and kinesthesia
What is the anterior portion of the midbrain called?
Tegmentum
Which cranial nerve has motor control over the muscles of mastication?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex?
Targets movements towards objects
What are the receptors for pain?
Nocioceptors
What is the abnormal response during the plantar reflex involving fanning toes?
Babinski sign
What area of the brainstem controls intensity of breathing?
Apneustic centers
Damage to the trochlear nerve (CN IV) causes which disorder?
Diplopia
Which reflex inhibits antagonists when agonists are contracting?
Reciprocal inhibition
Explain the activity of phasic receptors?
They adapt to a constant stimulus and eventually stop responding
Which balance test exams a patient's ability to catch themselves after unpredicted force is applied to them?
Sternal tap
What does the periaqueductal gray (PAG) control?
What structure joins CN III, IV, and VI?
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
What is Dysdiadochokinesia?
Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements
Which endings in the deep dermis detect skin stretch?
Ruffini endings
During the two point discrimination test, what is the norm for caliper distance on the finger pads?
2-4 mm
Which nucleus in the pons synthesizes norepinephrine?
Locus coeruleus
What are the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
Which motor pathway stems from the red nucleus?
Rubrospinal
Which part of the medial liminiscal pathway senses information from the lower extremities?
Gracile fasciculus
Which muscle is resistance applied to during the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) test?
Trapezius