Chapter 1
Name the lobes of the brain and provide a description of the functions for two of them.
Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, and Parietal.
Answers will vary for descriptions.
Describe what perception is
Perception is the ability to essentially "make sense" of stimuli.
Processing the senses.
What structure in our bodies helps us move?
Muscles
1) What disease did H.M. suffer from?
2) Describe this disease
1) Anterograde amnesia
2) Anterograde amnesia is the loss of the ability to form and keep new memories.
1) Describe what a neurotransmitter is
2) Name the most common excitatory neurotransmitter
3) Name the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter
1) A chemical messenger/molecule/ligand (if you want to be extra); transmits a signal to a target cell.
2) Glutamate
3) GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
What are the three bones in the ear?
Stapes, incus, and malleus.
OR it can be called
Hammer (malleus), Anvil (incus), and Stirrup (stapes)
1) What is the difference between an agonist and antagonist
2) What is co-contraction?
1) Agonists allow muscle contractions (promotes flexion) and antagonists inhibit muscle contractions (extension)
2) Co-contraction is when agonists and antagonists happen at the same time.
Declarative memories include facts, data, and events. Non-declarative memories are for skills, habits, and conditioned responses without conscious awareness.
1) Describe the function of the limbic system
2) Describe 3 structures within the limbic system
1) The limbic system is involved in regulating motivation and emotion.
2) Answer may vary (examples: Thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, etc)
1) Describe what endorphins are
2) Endorphins are analogous to what opioid?
3) (BONUS) Endorphins are also called .... (it's a scientific term)
1) Endorphins are hormones that can be induced by mediation and exercise that can alleviate pain, improve mood, and lower stress.
- Also called "happy hormones"
2) Endorphins are analogous to the opioid morphine.
3) Analgesics (pain reliever)
2) What is the myotatic response (called something else as well)
1) Movement that is not processed by the brain (uncontrolled)
2) Also called the knee-jerk response. Physicians strike the knee and the left stretches (extends)
1) Difference between episodic and semantic memories.
2) What is working memory?
1) Episodic memories are memories of life events that happen to your or around you. Semantic memories are memories of general knowledge.
2) Working memory is a temporary type of declarative memory. This memory involves conscious processing that can be used for holding a phone number in mind, a visual image, etc.
1) What are the three main structures all neurons possess?
2) How do ion channels work in synaptic signaling?
3) Provide examples of ions that are involved in synaptic signaling?
1) Soma (cell body), dendrites, and axons.
2) Ion channels can open or close depending on a neurotransmitter binding to the receptor protein. This can allow ions to pass through or not.
3) Calcium ions, Sodium ions, and Chloride ions, or Potassium ions.
1) When light hits the eye, what structure does it hit first?
2) What is the structure that emitted light hits that then is sent to the optic nerves, thus the occipital lobe or visual processing?
1) Cornea
2) Retina
2) Which region of the brain does Parkinson's disease target?
1) Depletion of dopamine neurons that results in symptoms such as uncontrolled movements, tremors, unsteady gait, etc.
2) Substania Nigra
What is LTP and LDP
Long term potentiation (LTP) is the increase in synaptic strength and long-term depression is the reduction in the efficiency of neuronal synapses.
1) Describe the function of the hindbrain
2) Describe the function of the cerebellum
3) What can happen to a patient with cerebellar damage?
1) The hindbrain is involved in sleep and glucose regulation.
2) The cerebellum is involved in coordination of movement and balance.
3) An unsteady gait, difficulty with coordinating balance, tremors, and raised intracranial pressure.
1) What are the three structures in the retina?
2) Describe ONE of these structures
3) What are the three cranial nerves stated in this chapter?
1) Bipolar cells (Interneurons), ganglion cells, and photoreceptors.
2) Answer may vary (e..g photoreceptors detect light and convert it into an electrical signal. ganglion cells integrate the information and generate action potentials. Interneurons transmits signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells)
1) Describe Huntington's Disease
2) What are symptoms of Huntington's Disease
1) A brain disorder that causes neurons in certain areas of the brain to break down. This disease attacks areas of the brain that helps with voluntary (intentional) movement, and other areas.
2) Uncontrolled jerking or twitching movements, usually in the face and extremities.
2) What emotion(s) is involved with the insula/insular cortex?
1) joy, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise
2) disgust, fear, anxiety, and happiness