intro/ development
this part of the nervous system arises developmentally from the neural canal
what are ventricles?
this artery is formed by the union of the paired vertebral arteries
what is the basilar artery?
this is the last foramen before the CSF reaches the subarachnoid space
what is magendie foramen
this type of reflex involves an interneuron
What is polysynaptic
most of the cell bodies of these nerves are located here
pons, medulla, midbrain
this secondary vesicle gives rise to the pons and cerebellum and contains the fourth ventricle
what is metencephalon?
this sinus sits within the falx cerebri and drains to the external jugular vein
dorsal sagittal
a clinician studying CSF production noted that in dogs 70% of CSF is produced in this ventricle, but in horses 70-80% is produced in this location instead.
what is the 4th ventricle and the lateral ventricles?
this component of ventral gray within the spinal cord is concerned with the head and trunk
what is medial ventral gray
an animal is unable to rotate its eye "down and in", what is the muscle that is compromised and its innervation
dorsal oblique muscle; trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Neurons derived from this plate will eventually innervate skeletal muscle.
what is the basal plate?
A surgeon is performing spinal surgery on the cervical vertebrae. They must be extremely careful while working near the transverse processes to avoid damaging this specific vessel
What is the vertebral artery?
A neurologist is performing a CSF tap on a horse. Because it is more common in this species, they choose to collect the fluid from this specific location and what type of anesthetic is utilized
lumbosacral space; general anesthesia
A clinician is treating a dog with localized epaxial muscle wasting along the back. Damage to this specific branch of the spinal nerve is the most likely cause.
dorsal rami (has both motor and sensory fiber innervation to cervical region and back)
in horses this disease is usually unilateral, while in dogs it is bilateral. and what is the nerve that is primarily affected and the specific branch
roaring/ laryngeal hemiplegia; recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve
Loss of this neuron prevents both reflex responses and sensory perception.
what is sensory neuron?
in humans this artery causing ischemic stroke, vs in dogs and cats it is this artery and what are the origins of each
middle cerebral- internal carotid and rostral cerebellar- basilar artery
Found in the subdural space, these specific ligaments are responsible for suspending and anchoring the spinal cord
What are denticulate ligaments?
To test the sciatic nerve in the pelvic limb, a clinician pinches the base of the fifth digit, looking for a withdrawal reflex involving these segments.
What are L6, L7, and S1?
An owner brought her dog in due to sudden emaciation and an inability to hold any food in its mouth. what is the nerve affected and its origin
trigeminal nerve; motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
If this specific neuroepithelial layer fails to form a stretched roof plate in the myelencephalon, the brain would lack the necessary structure to create the fourth ventricle and its associated choroid plexus.
What is the ependymal layer?
A dog presents with sudden onset loss of coordination and truncal ataxia after an ischemic stroke. Strength and conscious proprioception are normal.
What is the rostral cerebellar artery?
this circumventricular organ is responsible for releasing oxytocin, ADH, vasopressin
what is posterior pituitary gland
If a canine patient presents with a motor deficit localized specifically to the proximal portion of the thoracic limb, where would the lesion be found within this specific directional sub-region of the gray matter column of the C6-T2 spinal segment
what is the ventral portion of the lateral ventral gray
To diagnose a suspected case of Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND), a clinician must perform a muscle biopsy to look for neurodegeneration. According to the sources, the most reliable site for this
tail head (or tuber coxae)