Brainstem
What are the main functions of the brainstem?
Control of Autonomic Functions (heart rate, respiration)
Conduction Pathways (Sensory and Motor Pathways)
The brainstem houses nuclei for most of the cranial nerves
The brainstem controls reflex actions such as coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and swallowing.
What are the four main lobes of the brain?
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe
What is the Central Nervous System?
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
What division of the PNS controls voluntary muscle movements?
The somatic nervous system.
What do Glial Cells do?
They make up half brain tissue, provide support, and bring nutrients to the neurons
What are the three main parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
Where are the lobes located?
What part of the CNS runs from the base of the brain down the back, transmitting signals between the brain and the body?
The spinal cord
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
It regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
What is the difference between the Oligodendrites and Schwann cells?
Oligodendrites are glial cells that make up CNS myelin.
Schwann cells are glial cells that make up PNS myelin.
What conditions can affect the brainstem?
Stroke, Tumors, TBI
What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?
The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, such as decision-making, problem-solving, planning, and controlling behavior.
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
It is involved in processing visual information.
What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic nervous system to slow the heart rate?
The acetylcholine.
What are the parts of a Neuron?
Dendrites, Neuron (cell body), Nucleus, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Schwann Cells, Axon Hillock, Nodes of Ranvier, and Axon Terminals.
Name all the cranial nerves the brainstem house.
Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor Nerve) , Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear Nerve) ,Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve), Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens Nerve) , Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve) , Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve) , Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) ,Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve)
Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)
What role does the parietal lobe play in processing sensory information?
The parietal lobe processes sensory information from the body, including touch, temperature, and pain.
What is the pons?
The pons acts as a bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
What is the overall purpose of why we need the PNS?
It allows us to conntect with the environment around us and respond to it through the different receptors and signals.
What is the functional differences between Interneurons and Motor Neurons?
Interneurons communicate between neurons.
Motor neurons are bipolar neurons that activate muscular or glandular responses, usually long myelinated axons.
Why should SLPs know about the brainstem?
The brainstem plays a crucial role in several fundamental aspects of communication and swallowing.
What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for visual processing.
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
It regulates vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing.
What are the 5 steps of how the afferent and efferent pathways work?
1) Sensory signal information is received by the afferent cell, 2) The signal is then to the brain for further understanding and interpretation of what to do, 3) Motor signal information is sent by the Spinal Gray Matter, 4) The efferent cells then receive the motor signal on how to react, and 5) The signal is received and accomplished on what the motor signal was meant to be in action.
What are the different types of sensory neurons and their function?
Mechanoreceptors (responds to mechanical pressure, touch, or distortion), Photoreceptors (responds to light and converts it to electrical signals), Thermoreceptors (responds to different temperatures), Chemoreceptors (responds to different chemical substances and generates biological signal), and Nociceptors (responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli [pain])