Cranial Nerves
Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expressions, and what other functions does it have?
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve) is responsible for facial expressions. It also controls the secretion of saliva and tears, and provides taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
What type of nerves carry sensory information from the body to the central nervous system?
Afferent nerves
What is the name of the long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body?
An axon
Which part of the brainstem regulates vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure?
The medulla oblongata
What are the main components of the Central Nervous System?
The brain, and the spinal cord
Which cranial nerve is involved in hearing and balance?
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve) is involved in hearing and balance.
Which division of the PNS controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles?
The somatic nervous system
What is the term for the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell where nerve impulses are transmitted?
A synapse
What is the midbrain structure that serves as a relay station for auditory and visual information and helps regulate movement?
The superior colliculus
What is the Cerebellum primarily responsible for?
Coordination of fine movement.
How does Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal Nerve) contribute to speech and swallowing?
Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal Nerve) controls the movements of the tongue. It innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, allowing for precise movements necessary for speech articulation and the manipulation of food during chewing and swallowing.
Name the two main divisions of the PNS responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
What are the many short projections from the cell body that extend into the extracellular space called?
Dendrites
What are the three subdivisions of the brain stem ?
Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla
Is the organization of the spinal cord considered as ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for controlling the muscles involved in articulation?
Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal Nerve) is primarily responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue.
Which type of nerve fibers conduct signals away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?
Efferent nerves
What is the term for neurons that transmit signals from the brain to the muscles involved in speech production, including those in the tongue, lips, larynx, and respiratory system?
Motor Neurons
Which part of the brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord?
The medulla oblongata connects the brain to the spinal cord.
What Bathes CNS, provides cushion, nutrient delivery and waste removal?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression, including the orbicularis oris and other muscles around the mouth?
Cranial nerve VII (Facial Nerve)
What are the clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system called?
Ganglia
Where is an action potential initiated?
Dendrites
What side of the brainstem are Motor nuclei found?
The left side
What are the three structural elements of the Cerebellum?
The anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes.