Anatomy of the Brain
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe.
What two main organs make up the central nervous system (CNS)?
The spinal cord and brain
What is the name of the functional system that is responsible for emotional regulation and understanding that includes the hippocampus and the amygdala?
The limbic system
Name the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system (Hoit et al., 2022).
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
It aids the body in digesting and recharging (Hoit et al., 2022).
What band of white matter allows both hemispheres of the brain to connect and communicate?
The corpus callosum
What part of the central nervous system is responsible for coordination, balance, and posture?
The cerebellum
What nine structures are involved in a neuron?
Dendrites, soma, nucleus, axon hillock, axon, myelin sheaths, Nodes of Ranvier, axon terminals, and synaptic buttons
What is the role of a sensory neuron (afferent)?
The main function is to carry information from the body to the brain and also to the spinal cord (Hoit et al., 2022).
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is in charge of the fight-or-flight reaction?
The sympathetic nervous system (Hoit et al., 2022).
What is the boundary between the temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes?
The central sulcus (vertically separates the frontal and parietal lobes), and the lateral sulcus (separates the frontal/parietal lobes and the temporal lobe laterally).
Which specific ion controls the rapid depolarization phase of a neuron in action potential?
Sodium ions (Na+)
Name the sensory pathway that is responsible for communicating touch, vibration, and conscious movement and positioning from the brain to the body?
The dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway.
What system carries sensory information to the central nervous system and motor instructions to glands and muscles?
The Peripheral nervous system
What is the limbic structure that is essential for creating new memories?
The hippocampus
Which part of the brainstem is known as the “sensory switchboard” or “major relay center” that sends afferent sensory signals to the brain? What sense does not go through this process?
The thalamus; olfaction (smell).
What are the names of the three membranes that protect the spinal cord and brain? What is their group name?
The pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater; The meninges
Why do the corticospinal tract fibers move towards the pyramidal decussation within the medulla?
The transfer of fibers allows each hemisphere of the brain to have control over voluntary mobility on opposite sides of the body (Hoit et al., 2022).
What is the Schwann cells' main function?
It produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system (Hoit et al., 2022).
What is the body's main control center within the brain for the autonomic nervous system?
The hypothalamus.
How many regions are in Brodmann’s map? Which areas are involved in Broca’s area; which areas are involved in Wernicke’s area?
52 regions; areas 44 and 45 for Broca’s area; area 22 for Wernicke’s area.
In the central nervous system (CNS), this specific neuroglial cell produces myelin sheaths that encase axons.
Oligodendrocytes
If a patient's right corticospinal tract is damaged right below the pyramidal decussation, on which side of the body will the patient experience weakness and sensitivity?
The right side of their body.
What type of neuron can transport signals from the spinal cord and brain towards the muscles?
A motor neuron (efferent).
What is the main function of the amygdala?
Its main function is to process emotions like fear, anxiety, happiness, and sadness.