The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The autonomic nervous system is made up of two main divisions. What are they?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Most organs receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. This is called what?
dual innervation
In this process, incoming sensory information is combined with other arriving and previously stored information to the cerebral cortex.
Integration
The somatic sensory pathways include the Anterolateral (Spinothalamic) pathway and the Trigeminothalamic pathway. What is the third one?
Posterior Column-Medial lemniscus pathway
This system maintain wakefulness or "consciousness"
The Reticular Activating System (RAS)
What are the two cholinergic receptors?
Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located where?
The central nervous system
This is the conscious OR subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.
Sensation
The anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway for somatic sensation has first-order neurons which synapse with second-order neurons and decussate in this region before ascending to the thalamus via the spinothalamic tract.
The spinal cord.
The Reticular Activating System (RAS) lacks input from this sensory modality.
Olfaction
The adrenergic receptors are made up of two alpha receptors (a1, a2) and how many beta receptors?
three (b1, b2, b3)
Preganglionic neurons for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system release what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
What is the conscious interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex.
perception
The major direct motor pathways include the corticospinal pathways (lateral and anterior) which control muscles to the limbs and trunk, and this other pathway which conducts nerve impulses to the skeletal muscles in the head.
Corticobulbar pathway
During this type of sleep, dreams occur here and most somatic motor neurons are inhibited causing a decrease in muscle tone/ paralysis in skeletal muscles.
REM (Rapid eye movement) sleep
Autonomic tone is regulated by this region of the brain
Hypothalamus
Postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system release what neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine (NE)
This sensory receptor perceives pain
Nociceptor
The indirect motor pathways arising from the brain stem that include all somatic motor tracts other than the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts are also called what?
The extrapyramidal pathways
Learning
There are four cranial nerves (CN) associated with the parasympathetic nervous system including the oculomotor nerve (CN III), the facial nerve (CN VII), and the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). What is the fourth?
The Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system release what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Sensory receptors can be classified in three ways including the type of stimulus detected and the location of the receptor. What is the third way?
Microscopic structure
First-order neurons from the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway ascend via the posterior columns and synapse with second-order neurons in this region where they decussate and then enter the medial meniscus to ascend to the thalamus to synapse with third-order neurons.
The medulla
The ability of the brain to change, reorganize, or grow neural networks is called what?
Plasticity